References
- Acikgoz, G., Ozmen, I., Cayirli, M., Yeniay, Y. and Kose, O. 2014. Pulse methylprednisolone therapy for the treatment of extensive alopecia areata. J. Dermatolog. Treat. 25, 164-166. https://doi.org/10.3109/09546634.2013.768759
- Alkhalifah, A., Alsantali, A., Wang, E., McElwee, K. J. and Shapiro, J. 2010. Alopecia areata update: part I. Clinical picture, histopathology, and pathogenesis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 62, 177-188, quiz 189-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.032
- Amano, W., Nakajima, S., Kunugi, H., Numata, Y., Kitoh, A., Egawa, G., Dainichi, T., Honda, T., Otsuka, A., Kimoto, Y., Yamamoto, Y., Tanimoto, A., Matsushita, M., Miyachi, Y. and Kabashima, K. 2015. The Janus kinase inhibitor JTE-052 improves skin barrier function through suppressing signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 136, 667-677.e667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.051
- Amano, W., Nakajima, S., Yamamoto, Y., Tanimoto, A., Matsushita, M., Miyachi, Y. and Kabashima, K. 2016. JAK inhibitor JTE-052 regulates contact hypersensitivity by downmodulating T cell activation and differentiation. J. Dermatol. Sci. In press.
- Anuset, D., Perceau, G., Bernard, P. and Reguiai, Z. 2016. Efficacy and safety of methotrexate combined with low- to moderate-dose corticosteroids for severe alopecia areata. Dermatology 232, 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441250
- Arakawa, Y., Nomiyama, T. and Katoh, N. 2016. Three hundred and eight nanometer excimer light therapy for alopecia universalis that is resistant to other treatments: A clinical study of 11 patients. J. Dermatol. In press.
- Arck, P. C., Handjiski, B., Peters, E. M., Peter, A. S., Hagen, E., Fischer, A., Klapp, B. F. and Paus, R. 2003. Stress inhibits hair growth in mice by induction of premature catagen development and deleterious perifollicular inflammatory events via neuropeptide substance P-dependent pathways. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 803-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63877-1
- Avidan, N., Le Panse, R., Berrih-Aknin, S. and Miller, A. 2014. Genetic basis of myasthenia gravis - a comprehensive review. J. Autoimmun. 52, 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2013.12.001
- Bauer, S., Groh, V., Wu, J., Steinle, A., Phillips, J. H., Lanier, L. L. and Spies, T. 1999. Activation of NK cells and T cells by NKG2D, a receptor for stress-inducible MICA. Science 285, 727-729. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5428.727
- Bertolini, M., Zilio, F., Rossi, A., Kleditzsch, P., Emelianov, V. E., Gilhar, A., Keren, A., Meyer, K. C., Wang, E., Funk, W., McElwee, K. and Paus, R. 2014. Abnormal interactions between perifollicular mast cells and CD8+ T-cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. PLoS One 9, e94260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094260
- Bertolini, M., Uchida, Y. and Paus, R. 2015. Toward the Clonotype Analysis of Alopecia Areata-Specific, Intralesional Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 17, 9-12.
- Betz, R. C., Petukhova, L., Ripke, S., Huang, H., Menelaou, A., Redler, S., Becker, T., Heilmann, S., Yamany, T., Duvic, M., Hordinsky, M., Norris, D., Price, V. H., Mackay-Wiggan, J., de Jong, A., DeStefano, G. M., Moebus, S., Bohm, M., Blume-Peytavi, U., Wolff, H., Lutz, G., Kruse, R., Bian, L., Amos, C. I., Lee, A., Gregersen, P. K., Blaumeiser, B., Altshuler, D., Clynes, R., de Bakker, P. I., Nothen, M. M., Daly, M. J. and Christiano, A. M. 2015. Genome-wide meta-analysis in alopecia areata resolves HLA associations and reveals two new susceptibility loci. Nat. Commun. 6, 5966. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6966
- Billingham, R. E. and Silvers, W. K. 1971. A biologist's reflections on dermatology. J. Invest Dermatol. 57, 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12261543
- Bissonnette, R., Papp, K. A., Poulin, Y., Gooderham, M., Raman, M., Mallbris, L., Wang, C., Purohit, V., Mamolo, C., Papacharalambous, J. and Ports, W. C. 2016. Topical tofacitinib for atopic dermatitis: a phase IIa randomized trial. Br J Dermatol. 175, 902-911. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14871
- Boehm, T. 2006. Quality control in self/nonself discrimination. Cell 125, 845-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.017
- Byun, J. W., Moon, J. H., Bang, C. Y., Shin, J. and Choi, G. S. 2015. Effectiveness of 308-nm excimer laser therapy in treating alopecia areata, determined by examining the treated sides of selected alopecic patches. Dermatology 231, 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000381912
- Castela, E., Le Duff, F., Butori, C., Ticchioni, M., Hofman, P., Bahadoran, P., Lacour, J. P. and Passeron, T. 2014. Effects of low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 to promote T-regulatory cells in alopecia areata. JAMA Dermatol. 150, 748-751. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.504
- Cerwenka, A. and Swain, S. L. 1999. TGF-beta1: immunosuppressant and viability factor for T lymphocytes. Microbes Infect. 1, 1291-1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(99)00255-5
- Chiang, K. S., Mesinkovska, N. A., Piliang, M. P. and Bergfeld, W. F. 2015. Clinical efficacy of diphenylcyclopropenone in alopecia areata: retrospective data analysis of 50 patients. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc. 17, 50-55. https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.2015.28
- Christoph, T., Muller-Rover, S., Audring, H., Tobin, D. J., Hermes, B., Cotsarelis, G., Ruckert, R. and Paus, R. 2000. The human hair follicle immune system: cellular composition and immune privilege. Br. J. Dermatol. 142, 862-873. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03464.x
- Chu, T. W., AlJasser, M., Alharbi, A., Abahussein, O., Mc-Elwee, K. and Shapiro, J. 2015. Benefit of different concentrations of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in alopecia areata: An intrasubject pilot study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 73, 338-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2015.04.049
- Coronel-Perez, I. M., Rodriguez-Rey, E. M. and Camacho-Martinez, F. M. 2010. Latanoprost in the treatment of eyelash alopecia in alopecia areata universalis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 24, 481-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03543.x
- Foitzik, K., Lindner, G., Mueller-Roever, S., Maurer, M., Botchkareva, N., Botchkarev, V., Handjiski, B., Metz, M., Hibino, T., Soma, T., Dotto, G. P. and Paus, R. 2000. Control of murine hair follicle regression (catagen) by TGF-beta1 in vivo. Faseb J. 14, 752-760. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.14.5.752
- Garcia-Hernandez, M. J., Ruiz-Doblado, S., Rodriguez- Pichardo, A. and Camacho, F. 1999. Alopecia areata, stress and psychiatric disorders: a review. J. Dermatol. 26, 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1999.tb02063.x
- Gasser, S. and Raulet, D. H. 2006. Activation and self-tolerance of natural killer cells. Immunol. Rev. 214, 130-142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00460.x
- Gilhar, A., Landau, M., Assy, B., Shalaginov, R., Serafimovich, S. and Kalish, R. S. 2001. Melanocyte-associated T cell epitopes can function as autoantigens for transfer of alopecia areata to human scalp explants on Prkdc (scid) mice. J. Invest Dermatol. 117, 1357-1362. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01583.x
- Gilhar, A. and Kalish, R. S. 2006. Alopecia areata: a tissue specific autoimmune disease of the hair follicle. Autoimmun Rev. 5, 64-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2005.07.001
- Gilhar, A., Paus, R. and Kalish, R. S. 2007. Lymphocytes, neuropeptides, and genes involved in alopecia areata. J. Clin. Invest. 117, 2019-2027. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI31942
- Gilhar, A., Etzioni, A. and Paus, R. 2012. Alopecia areata. N Engl. J. Med. 366, 1515-1525. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1103442
- Goh, C., Finkel, M., Christos, P. J. and Sinha, A. A. 2006. Profile of 513 patients with alopecia areata: associations of disease subtypes with atopy, autoimmune disease and positive family history. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 20, 1055-1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01676.x
- Gregoriou, S., Papafragkaki, D., Kontochristopoulos, G., Rallis, E., Kalogeromitros, D. and Rigopoulos, D. 2010. Cytokines and other mediators in alopecia areata. Mediators Inflamm. 2010, 928030.
- Gulec, A. T., Tanriverdi, N., Duru, C., Saray, Y. and Akcali, C. 2004. The role of psychological factors in alopecia areata and the impact of the disease on the quality of life. Int. J. Dermatol. 43, 352-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02028.x
- Guttman-Yassky, E., Ungar, B., Noda, S., Suprun, M., Shroff, A., Dutt, R., Khattri, S., Min, M., Mansouri, Y., Zheng, X., Estrada, Y. D., Singer, G. K., Suarez-Farinas, M., Krueger, J. G. and Lebwohl, M. G. 2016. Extensive alopecia areata is reversed by IL-12/IL-23p40 cytokine antagonism. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 137, 301-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.11.001
- Han, Y. M., Sheng, Y. Y., Xu, F., Qi, S. S., Liu, X. J., Hu, R. M., Miao, Y., Huang, G. Q. and Yang, Q. P. 2015. Imbalance of T-helper 17 and regulatory T cells in patients with alopecia areata. J. Dermatol. 42, 981-988. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12978
- Harbuz, M. S., Richards, L. J., Chover-Gonzalez, A. J., Marti-Sistac, O. and Jessop, D. S. 2006. Stress in autoimmune disease models. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1069, 51-61. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1351.005
- Higgins, E., Al Shehri, T., McAleer, M. A., Conlon, N., Feighery, C., Lilic, D. and Irvine, A. D. 2015. Use of ruxolitinib to successfully treat chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis caused by gain-of-function signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) mutation. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 135, 551-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1867
- Holsboer, F. and Ising, M. 2008. Central CRH system in depression and anxiety--evidence from clinical studies with CRH1 receptor antagonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 583, 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.032
- Inui, S., Nakajima, T., Toda, N. and Itami, S. 2009. Fexofenadine hydrochloride enhances the efficacy of contact immunotherapy for extensive alopecia areata: Retrospective analysis of 121 cases. J. Dermatol. 36, 323-327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00647.x
- Inui, S. and Itami, S. 2015. Contact immunotherapy-resistant alopecia areata totalis/universalis reactive to topical corticosteroid. J. Dermatol. 42, 937-939. https://doi.org/10.1111/1346-8138.12938
- Ito, N., Ito, T., Betterman, A. and Paus, R. 2004. The human hair bulb is a source and target of CRH. J. Invest Dermatol. 122, 235-237. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.22145.x
- Ito, N., Ito, T., Kromminga, A., Bettermann, A., Takigawa, M., Kees, F., Straub, R. H. and Paus, R. 2005. Human hair follicles display a functional equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and synthesize cortisol. Faseb J. 19, 1332-1334. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.04-1968fje
- Ito, N., Sugawara, K., Bodo, E., Takigawa, M., van Beek, N., Ito, T. and Paus, R. 2010. Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the in situ generation of mast cells from precursors in the human hair follicle mesenchyme. J. Invest Dermatol. 130, 995-1004. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2009.387
- Ito, T., Ito, N., Bettermann, A., Tokura, Y., Takigawa, M. and Paus, R. 2004. Collapse and restoration of MHC class-I-dependent immune privilege: exploiting the human hair follicle as a model. Am. J. Pathol. 164, 623-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63151-3
- Ito, T., Ito, N., Saathoff, M., Bettermann, A., Takigawa, M. and Paus, R. 2005. Interferon-gamma is a potent inducer of catagen-like changes in cultured human anagen hair follicles. Br. J. Dermatol. 152, 623-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06453.x
- Ito, T., Ito, N., Saatoff, M., Hashizume, H., Fukamizu, H., Nickoloff, B. J., Takigawa, M. and Paus, R. 2008. Maintenance of hair follicle immune privilege is linked to prevention of NK cell attack. J. Invest Dermatol. 128, 1196-1206. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5701183
- Ito, T., Meyer, K. C., Ito, N. and Paus, R. 2008. Immune privilege and the skin. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 10, 27-52.
- Ito, T. and Tokura, Y. 2014. The role of cytokines and chemokines in the T-cell-mediated autoimmune process in alopecia areata. Exp. Dermatol. 23, 787-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.12489
- Jabbari, A., Dai, Z., Xing, L., Cerise, J. E., Ramot, Y., Berkun, Y., Sanchez, G. A., Goldbach-Mansky, R., Christiano, A. M., Clynes, R. and Zlotogorski, A. 2015. Reversal of Alopecia Areata Following Treatment With the JAK1/2 Inhibitor Baricitinib. EBioMedicine 2, 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.02.015
- Johansson, M. H. and Hoglund, P. 2006. The dynamics of natural killer cell tolerance. Semin Cancer Biol. 16, 393-403.
- Kakourou, T., Karachristou, K. and Chrousos, G. 2007. A case series of alopecia areata in children: impact of personal and family history of stress and autoimmunity. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 21, 356-359. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01931.x
- Kang, H., Wu, W. Y., Lo, B. K., Yu, M., Leung, G., Shapiro, J. and McElwee, K. J. 2010. Hair follicles from alopecia areata patients exhibit alterations in immune privilege-associated gene expression in advance of hair loss. J. Invest Dermatol. 130, 2677-2680. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2010.180
- Katsarou-Katsari, A., Singh, L. K. and Theoharides, T. C. 2001. Alopecia areata and affected skin CRH receptor upregulation induced by acute emotional stress. Dermatology 203, 157-161. https://doi.org/10.1159/000051732
- Kaufman, G., d'Ovidio, R., Kaldawy, A., Assy, B., Ullmann, Y., Etzioni, A., Paus, R. and Gilhar, A. 2010. An unexpected twist in alopecia areata pathogenesis: are NK cells protective and CD49b+ T cells pathogenic? Exp. Dermatol. 19, e347-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01065.x
- Keren, A., Shemer, A., Ullmann, Y., Paus, R. and Gilhar, A. 2015. The PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, suppresses experimentally induced alopecia areata in human skin in vivo. J Dermatol. Sci. 77, 74-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.11.009
- Kim, H. S., Cho, D. H., Kim, H. J., Lee, J. Y., Cho, B. K. and Park, H. J. 2006. Immunoreactivity of corticotropinreleasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and alphamelanocyte- stimulating hormone in alopecia areata. Exp. Dermatol. 15, 515-522. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00003.x
- Kumamoto, T., Shalhevet, D., Matsue, H., Mummert, M. E., Ward, B. R., Jester, J. V. and Takashima, A. 2003. Hair follicles serve as local reservoirs of skin mast cell precursors. Blood 102, 1654-1660. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-02-0449
- Lattouf, C., Jimenez, J. J., Tosti, A., Miteva, M., Wikramanayake, T. C., Kittles, C., Herskovitz, I., Handler, M. Z., Fabbrocini, G. and Schachner, L. A. 2015. Treatment of alopecia areata with simvastatin/ezetimibe. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 72, 359-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.006
- Li, S. F., Zhang, X. T., Qi, S. L., Ye, Y. T., Cao, H., Yang, Y. Q., McElwee, K. J. and Zhang, X. 2015. Allergy to dust mites may contribute to early onset and severity of alopecia areata. Clin. Exp. Dermatol. 40, 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.12471
- Li, Y., Yan, B., Wang, H., Li, H., Li, Q., Zhao, D., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, J., Wang, S., Shen, J., Li, Y., Guindi, E. and Zhao, Y. 2015. Hair regrowth in alopecia areata patients following Stem Cell Educator therapy. BMC Med. 13, 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0331-6
- Long, E. O. 1999. Regulation of immune responses through inhibitory receptors. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 875-904. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.875
- Lucas, P., Bodemer, C., Barbarot, S., Vabres, P., Royer, M. and Mazereeuw-Hautier, J. 2016. Methotrexate in Severe Childhood Alopecia Areata: Long-term Follow-up. Acta. Derm. Venereol. 96, 102-103. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2173
- Mackay-Wiggan, J., Jabbari, A., Nguyen, N., Cerise, J. E., Clark, C., Ulerio, G., Furniss, M., Vaughan, R., Christiano, A. M. and Clynes, R. 2016. Oral ruxolitinib induces hair regrowth in patients with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata. JCI Insight. 1, 1-5.
- Madani, S. and Shapiro, J. 2000. Alopecia areata update. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 42, 549-566. https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2000.103909
- Maurer, M., Fischer, E., Handjiski, B., von Stebut, E., Algermissen, B., Bavandi, A. and Paus, R. 1997. Activated skin mast cells are involved in murine hair follicle regression (catagen). Lab Invest. 77, 319-332.
- Messenger, A. G., McKillop, J., Farrant, P., McDonagh, A. J. and Sladden, M. 2012. British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of alopecia areata 2012. Br. J. Dermatol. 166, 916-926. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10955.x
- Noso, S., Park, C., Babaya, N., Hiromine, Y., Harada, T., Ito, H., Taketomo, Y., Kanto, K., Oiso, N., Kawada, A., Suzuki, T., Kawabata, Y. and Ikegami, H. 2015. Organ specificity in autoimmune diseases: thyroid and islet autoimmunity in alopecia areata. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 100, 1976-1983. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-3985
- Ohyama, M., Shimizu, A., Tanaka, K. and Amagai, M. 2010. Experimental evaluation of ebastine, a second-generation anti-histamine, as a supportive medication for alopecia areata. J. Dermatol. Sci. 58, 154-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.03.009
- Pandhi, D., Singal, A., Gupta, R. and Das, G. 2009. Ocular alterations in patients of alopecia areata. J. Dermatol. 36, 262-268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.2009.00636.x
- Papp, K. A., Krueger, J. G., Feldman, S. R., Langley, R. G., Thaci, D., Torii, H., Tyring, S., Wolk, R., Gardner, A., Mebus, C., Tan, H., Luo, Y., Gupta, P., Mallbris, L. and Tatulych, S. 2016. Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis: Long-term efficacy and safety results from 2 randomized phase-III studies and 1 open-label long-term extension study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 74, 841-850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.01.013
- Paus, R., Slominski, A. and Czarnetzki, B. M. 1993. Is alopecia areata an autoimmune-response against melanogenesisrelated proteins, exposed by abnormal MHC class I expression in the anagen hair bulb? Yale J. Biol. Med. 66, 541-554.
- Paus, R., Botchkarev, V. A., Botchkareva, N. V., Mecklenburg, L., Luger, T. and Slominski, A. 1999. The skin POMC system (SPS). Leads and lessons from the hair follicle. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 885, 350-363.
- Paus, R., Nickoloff, B. J. and Ito, T. 2005. A 'hairy' privilege. Trends Immunol. 26, 32-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2004.09.014
- Peters, E. M., Liotiri, S., Bodo, E., Hagen, E., Biro, T., Arck, P. C. and Paus, R. 2007. Probing the effects of stress mediators on the human hair follicle: substance P holds central position. Am. J. Pathol. 171, 1872-1886. https://doi.org/10.2353/ajpath.2007.061206
- Petukhova, L., Duvic, M., Hordinsky, M., Norris, D., Price, V., Shimomura, Y., Kim, H., Singh, P., Lee, A., Chen, W. V., Meyer, K. C., Paus, R., Jahoda, C. A., Amos, C. I., Gregersen, P. K. and Christiano, A. M. 2010. Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity. Nature 466, 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09114
- Roloff, B., Fechner, K., Slominski, A., Furkert, J., Botchkarev, V. A., Bulfone-Paus, S., Zipper, J., Krause, E. and Paus, R. 1998. Hair cycle-dependent expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF receptors in murine skin. Faseb J. 12, 287-297. https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.12.3.287
- Seetharam, K. A. 2013. Alopecia areata: an update. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 79, 563-575. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.116725
- Senila, S. C., Danescu, S. A., Ungureanu, L., Candrea, E. and Cosgarea, R. M. 2015. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy in severe alopecia areata. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 81, 95.
- Shellow, W. V., Edwards, J. E. and Koo, J. Y. 1992. Profile of alopecia areata: a questionnaire analysis of patient and family. Int. J. Dermatol. 31, 186-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1992.tb03932.x
- Shin, B. S., Furuhashi, T., Nakamura, M., Torii, K. and Morita, A. 2013. Impaired inhibitory function of circulating CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in alopecia areata. J. Dermatol. Sci. 70, 141-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.01.006
- Siebenhaar, F., Sharov, A. A., Peters, E. M., Sharova, T. Y., Syska, W., Mardaryev, A. N., Freyschmidt-Paul, P., Sundberg, J. P., Maurer, M. and Botchkarev, V. A. 2007. Substance P as an immunomodulatory neuropeptide in a mouse model for autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata). J. Invest Dermatol. 127, 1489-1497. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700704
- Slominski, A., Paus, R. and Mazurkiewicz, J. 1992. Proopiomelanocortin expression in the skin during induced hair growth in mice. Experientia 48, 50-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01923606
- Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., Mazurkiewicz, J. E., Matsuoka, L., Dietrich, J., Lawrence, K., Gorbani, A. and Paus, R. 1993. Detection of proopiomelanocortin-derived antigens in normal and pathologic human skin. J. Lab Clin. Med. 122, 658-666.
- Slominski, A., Botchkareva, N. V., Botchkarev, V. A., Chakraborty, A., Luger, T., Uenalan, M. and Paus, R. 1998. Hair cycle-dependent production of ACTH in mouse skin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1448, 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4889(98)00124-4
- Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., Luger, T., Paus, R. and Solomon, S. 2000. Corticotropin releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress. Physiol. Rev. 80, 979-1020. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.979
- Stenn, K. S. and Paus, R. 2001. Controls of hair follicle cycling. Physiol. Rev. 81, 449-494. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.1.449
- Tan, E., Tay, Y. K., Goh, C. L. and Chin Giam, Y. 2002. The pattern and profile of alopecia areata in Singapore--a study of 219 Asians. Int. J. Dermatol. 41, 748-753. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01357.x
- Todes-Taylor, N., Turner, R., Wood, G. S., Stratte, P. T. and Morhenn, V. B. 1984. T cell subpopulations in alopecia areata. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 11, 216-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(84)70152-6
- Trink, A., Sorbellini, E., Bezzola, P., Rodella, L., Rezzani, R., Ramot, Y. and Rinaldi, F. 2013. A randomized, doubleblind, placebo- and active-controlled, half-head study to evaluate the effects of platelet-rich plasma on alopecia areata. Br. J. Dermatol. 169, 690-694. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12397
- Wang, X., Marr, A. K., Breitkopf, T., Leung, G., Hao, J., Wang, E., Kwong, N., Akhoundsadegh, N., Chen, L., Mui, A., Carr, N., Warnock, G. L., Shapiro, J. and McElwee, K. J. 2014. Hair follicle mesenchyme-associated PD-L1 regulates T-cell activation induced apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune privilege. J. Invest Dermatol. 134, 736-745. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2013.368
- Wasserman, D., Guzman-Sanchez, D. A., Scott, K. and McMichael, A. 2007. Alopecia areata. Int. J. Dermatol. 46, 121-131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03193.x
- Wengraf, D. A., McDonagh, A. J., Lovewell, T. R., Vasilopoulos, Y., Macdonald-Hull, S. P., Cork, M. J., Messenger, A. G. and Tazi-Ahnini, R. 2008. Genetic analysis of autoimmune regulator haplotypes in alopecia areata. Tissue Antigens. 71, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00992.x
- Wu, J., Song, Y., Bakker, A. B., Bauer, S., Spies, T., Lanier, L. L. and Phillips, J. H. 1999. An activating immunoreceptor complex formed by NKG2D and DAP10. Science 285, 730-732. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5428.730
- Xing, L., Dai, Z., Jabbari, A., Cerise, J. E., Higgins, C. A., Gong, W., de Jong, A., Harel, S., DeStefano, G. M., Rothman, L., Singh, P., Petukhova, L., Mackay-Wiggan, J., Christiano, A. M. and Clynes, R. 2014. Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition. Nat. Med. 20, 1043-1049. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3645
- Yokoyama, W. M. and Kim, S. 2006. Licensing of natural killer cells by self-major histocompatibility complex class I. Immunol. Rev. 214, 143-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2006.00458.x
- Zawar, V. P. and Karad, G. M. 2016. Liquid Nitrogen Cryotherapy in Recalcitrant Alopecia Areata: A Study of 11 Patients. Int. J. Trichology 8, 15-20. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7753.179403
- Zhang, X., Yu, M., Yu, W., Weinberg, J., Shapiro, J. and McElwee, K. J. 2009. Development of alopecia areata is associated with higher central and peripheral hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal tone in the skin graft induced C3H/HeJ mouse model. J. Invest Dermatol. 129, 1527-1538. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.371