YAKHAK HOEJI (약학회지)

The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea (대한약학회)
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Protective Effect of Korean Red Ginseng against 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced Nitrosative Cell Death via Fortifying Cellular Defense System

6-Hydroxydopamine으로 유도된 질소적 세포 사멸에 대한 고려홍삼 추출물의 보호효과

  • Lee, Chan (Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Jang, Jung-Hee (School of Medicine, Keimyung University) ;
  • Park, Gyu Hwan (Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University)
  • 이찬 (경북대학교 약학대학 약학연구소) ;
  • 장정희 (계명대학교 의과대학) ;
  • 박규환 (경북대학교 약학대학 약학연구소)
  • Received : 2016.02.17
  • Accepted : 2016.03.24
  • Published : 2016.04.30
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Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the representative neurodegenerative movement disorders with the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is widely used as an experimental model system to mimic PD and has been reported to cause neuronal cell death via oxidative and/or nitrosative stress. Therefore, daily intake of dietary or medicinal plants which fortifies cellular antioxidant capacity can exert neuroprotective effects in PD. In the present study, we have investigated the protective effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) against 6-OHDA-induced nitrosative death in C6 glioma cells. Treatment of C6 cells with 6-OHDA decreased cell viability and increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, production of nitric oxide as well as peroxynitrite, and formation of nitrotyrosine. 6-OHDA led to apoptotic cell death as determined by decreased Bcl-2/Bax, phosphorylation of JNK, activation of caspase-3, and cleavage of PARP. Conversely, pretreatment of C6 cells with KRG attenuated 6-ODHA-induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and nitrosative damages. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism of KRG protection against 6-OHDA-induced nitrosative cell death, we have focused on the cellular self-defense molecules against exogenous noxious stimuli. KRG treatment up-regulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a key antioxidant enzyme essential for cellular defense against oxidative and/or nitrosative stress via activation of Nrf2. Taken together, these findings suggest KRG may have preventive and/or therapeutic potentials for the management of PD.

Keywords

References

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