DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Chemical Structural Approach to Understand Global Prohibition on Perfluorinated Compounds and their Uses

과불화합물의 규제 및 산업적 용도에 대한 화학구조적 고찰

  • Choe, Eun Kyung (Product Eco-testing and Risk Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology) ;
  • Ra, Jinsung (Product Eco-testing and Risk Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology) ;
  • Cho, Young Dal (Product Eco-testing and Risk Assessment Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology) ;
  • Song, Ki Bong (National Institute of Chemical Safety) ;
  • Lee, Suyeong (National Institute of Environmental Research) ;
  • Seok, Gwangseol (National Institute of Environmental Research)
  • 최은경 (한국생산기술연구원 국제환경규제대응기술지원센터) ;
  • 나진성 (한국생산기술연구원 국제환경규제대응기술지원센터) ;
  • 조영달 (한국생산기술연구원 국제환경규제대응기술지원센터) ;
  • 송기봉 (화학물질안전원) ;
  • 이수영 (국립환경과학원) ;
  • 석광설 (국립환경과학원)
  • Received : 2016.07.07
  • Accepted : 2016.08.17
  • Published : 2016.09.27

Abstract

Perfluorinated chemicals are highly diverse and widely used. More than 160 substances are pre-registered under REACH and approximately 140 substances are in the existing chemicals list of Korea from this chemical group. Chemical structures of PFCs that are globally prohibited and still in uses are identified with OECD's classification of PFCs with an overall review on their uses in consumer products including textile products. Case examples for current domestic situation on use of PFCs as a major component of water-repelling agents in textile products as well as a brief summary of eight major PFC manufacturers' situation are presented from our survey study along the supply chains and the most recent report of EPA stewardship programme, respectively.

Keywords

References

  1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(2016), OECD Portal on Perfluorinated Chemicals, Available at:www.oecd.org/ehs/pfc/, 2016.7.1.
  2. ENV/JM/MONO(2006)15, Lists of PFOS, PFAS, PFOA, PFCA, Related Compounds and Chemicals that May Degrade to PFCA, OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications, 2007.
  3. Environmental Project No. 1475, Survey of PFOS, PFOA and other Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Denmark, 2013.
  4. ENV/JM/MONO(2011)1, Survey on the Production, Use and Release of PFOS, PFOA, PFCA, their Related Substances and Products/Mixtures Containing these Substances, OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications, 2011.
  5. ENV/JM/MONO(2007)11, Report of an OECD Workshop on Perfluorocarboxylic Acids(PFCAs) and Precursors, OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications, 2007.
  6. W. W. Lee, W. H. Chang, H. Pyo, T. S. Kang, and J. Hong, Analytical Trend of Perfluorinated Compounds in Environmental and Biota Samples, Analytical Science and Technology, 23(4), 331(2010). https://doi.org/10.5806/AST.2010.23.4.331
  7. B. C. Paik, T. R. Kim, and S. K. Kam, Distribution of Perfluorinated Compounds(PFCs) in Sumjin River and Southern Coastal Area of Korea, J. of the Korean Society of Urban Environment, 14(2), 87(2014).
  8. Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances(PFAS): Status Quo of Consumer Health Assessment on PFAS, BfR-Symposium, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment(BfR), BfR-Symposium, 6-7 March, Berlin, pp.31-37, 2014.
  9. B. Diderich, OECD Activities on Perfluorinated Chemicals, EU Workshop on Perfluorooctanoic Acid and its Ammonium Salt: Production, Use and Risk, Brussels, 4 May, 2010.
  10. Report Nr 7/06, Perfluorinated Substances and theirUses in Sweden, Swedish Chemicals Agency(KEMI), Sweden, 2006.
  11. Project Report 09/47, Survey, Screening and Analyses of PFCs in Consumer Products, Swerea IVF AB, Sweden, 2009.
  12. K. Madsen, OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group, POPs COP6, 29 April, 2013.
  13. 1. R. C. Buck, J. Franklin, U. Berger, J. M. Conder, I. T. Cousins, P. Voogt, A. A. Jensen, K. Kannan, S. A. Mabury, and S. J. Leeuwen, Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Environment: Terminology, Classification, and Origins, Integrated Environmental Assessment andManagement, 7, 513(2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.258
  14. OECD, OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group, Synthesis Paper on Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemicals(PFCs), Environment, Health and Safety, Environment Directorate, OECD, 2013.
  15. S. Satya, PFCs: Outcome of the 2009 OECD Survey, OECD Webinar on Perfluorinated Chemicals, March, 2011.
  16. Greenpeace(2014), Chemistry for Any Weather: Perand Polyfluorinated Chemicals in Textile Products and Ambient Air, Available at: www.switchmed.eu/en/docuents/greenpeace_chemistry-any-weather-pfc-textiles-1.pdf, 2016.7.1.
  17. M. Schlummer, L. Gruber, D. Fiedler, M. Kizlauskas, and J. Muller, Detection of Fluorotelomer Alcohols in Indoor Environments and their Relevance for Human Exposure, Environ Int., 57-58, 42(2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.010
  18. European Chemicals Agency, Information on Chemicals, Available at: echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals, 2016.7.1.
  19. National Chemicals Information System, Chemical Search, Available at:ncis.nier.go.kr/ncis/CLU0402.do, 2016.7.1.
  20. Directive 2006/122/EC, Restrictions on the Marketing and Use of Certain Dangerous Substances and Preparations(perfluorooctane sulfonates), the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, 2006.
  21. Final Report to National Emergency Management Agency, Research and Development of Eco-friendly, High-rise Special Extinguish Chemicals, Incheon National University, 2010.
  22. Final Report to NIER, Study on Estimation of PFCs Emissions to Environment, POSTECH, 2011.
  23. Ministry of Environment News(2009), Report from the 4th Stockholm Convention, Available at:www.me.go.kr/home/web/board/list, 2016.7.1.
  24. Nier-SP2013-436, Survey and Analyses of PFOS, its Salts and PFOSF and National Institute of Environmental Research, 2013.
  25. European Chemicals Agency, Candidate List of Substances of Very High Concern for Authorisation, Available at: echa.europa.eu/chem_data/authorisation_process/candidate_list_obligations_en.asp, 2016.6.20.
  26. Commission Regulation(EC) No 552/2009, Amending Regulation(EC) No 1907/2006 on theRegistration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) as Regards Annex XVII, the Commission of the European Communities, 2009.
  27. US Environmental Protection Agency(2016), Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances(PFASs) under TSCA, Available at:www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass-under-tsca, 2016.7.1.
  28. US Environmental Protection Agency(2016), PFOA Stewardship Program Baseline Year Summary Report, Available at:www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/pfoa-stewardship-program-baseline-year-summary-report, 2016.7.1.
  29. M. A. Kaiser, B. S. Larsen, C. P. Kao, and R. C. Buck, Vapor Pressures of Perfluorooctanoic, -Nonanoic, -Decanoic, -Undecanoic, and -Dodecanoic Acids, J. of Chemical and Engineering Data, 50, 1841(2005). https://doi.org/10.1021/je050070r
  30. S. Posner, T. P. Knepper, and F. T. Lange, "Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp.25-39, 2012.
  31. I. E. Jogstena, M. Nadalb, B. V. Bavela, G. Lindstroma, and J. L. Domingob, Per- and Polyfluorinated Compounds(PFCs) in House Dust and Indoor Air in Catalonia, Spain: Implications for Human Exposure, Environment International, 39(1), 172(2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.09.004
  32. S. Fiedlera, G. Pfistera, and K. W. Schrammab, Poly- and Perfluorinated Compounds in Household Consumer Products, Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 92(10), 1801(2010). https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.2010.491482
  33. US Environmental Protection Agency(2016), Research on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances(PFAS), Available at:www2.epa.gov/chemical-research/perfluorinated-chemical-pfc-research, 2016.6.20.
  34. J. Washington, J. Naile, T. Jenkins, and D. Lynch, Characterizing Fluorotelomer and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in New and Aged Fluorotelomer-Based Polymers for Degradation Studies with GC/MS and LC/MS/MS, Environmental Science and Technology, 48(10), 5762(2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/es500373b
  35. M. J. A. Dinglasan, Y. Ye, E. A. Edwards, and S. A. Mabury, Fluorotelomer Alcohol Biodegradation Yields Poly- and Perfluorinated Acids, Environmental Science and Technology, 38(10), 2857(2004). https://doi.org/10.1021/es0350177
  36. Oeko-Tex$^{(R)}$Standard 100, General and Special Conditions for the Authorization to Use the Oeko-Tex$^{(R)}$ Standard 100 Mark, ed. 03/2016, Oeko-Tex$^{(R)}$ Association, 2016.
  37. US Environmental Protection Agency(2016), Alternative Chemicals, Available at:www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/altnewchems.html, 2016.7.1.
  38. US Environmental Protection Agency(2016), Safer Choice, Available at: www2.epa.gov/saferchoice, 2016.7.1.
  39. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Information on Short-Chain PFCs and Other Alternatives, Available at:www.oecd.org/ehs/pfc/informationonshortchainpfcsandotheralternatives.htm, 2016.6.20.
  40. Greenpeace Research Laboratories Technical Note 06/2006, Uses of Perfluorinated Substances, Available at:www.greenpeace.to/publications/uses-of-perfluorinated-chemicals.pdf, 2016.6.20.
  41. S. Banda, Introduction to the Guidance on Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and its Derivatives, Available at:www.oecd.org/env/ehs/risk-management/47643074.pdf, 2016.6.20.
  42. The International Chemical Secretariat(ChemSec) (2016), Alternative Chemicals-Guidance for Possible Substitution Substances and Scenarios, Available at:textileguide.chemsec.org/act/alternative-chemicals-you-can-use, 2016.6.20.
  43. Marks and Spencer(2014), PFC Substitution Guidelines, Available at:corporate.marksandspencer.com/documents/policy-documents/ecp-modules/module-11.pdf, 2016.7.1.
  44. S. M. Park, I. J. Kwon, R. Kim, J. H. Yeum, N. S. Yoon, and K. N. Lee, A Study on the Self-cleaning Surface Finishing Using PFOA Free Fluoric Polymer and Silica Nano-sol, Textile Coloration and Finishing, 21(6), 1(2009). https://doi.org/10.5764/TCF.2009.21.6.001
  45. H. K. Shin, M. W. Huh, and N. S. Yoon, Fabrication of Silica-Containing Breathable Waterproof Polyurethane Dispersion Film, Textile Coloration and Finishing, 27(2), 126(2015). https://doi.org/10.5764/TCF.2015.27.2.126
  46. T. Kim, M. Ryu, and Y. Jang, Synthesis of Super Hydrophobic Disazo Red Dyes using Alkylanilines as Diazo Components, Textile Coloration and Finishing, 27(1), 27(2015). https://doi.org/10.5764/TCF.2015.27.1.27