Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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In vitro antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of the compound K-rich fraction BIOGF1K, prepared from Panax ginseng

  • Hossen, Muhammad Jahangir (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Hong, Yong Deog (Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit) ;
  • Baek, Kwang-Soo (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Yoo, Sulgi (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Hong, Yo Han (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Kim, Ji Hye (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University) ;
  • Lee, Jeong-Oog (Bio-inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Konkuk University) ;
  • Kim, Donghyun (Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit) ;
  • Park, Junseong (Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit) ;
  • Cho, Jae Youl (Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University)
  • Received : 2015.12.14
  • Accepted : 2015.12.24
  • Published : 2017.01.15
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Abstract

Background: BIOGF1K, a compound K-rich fraction prepared from the root of Panax ginseng, is widely used for cosmetic purposes in Korea. We investigated the functional mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities of BIOGF1K by discovering target enzymes through various molecular studies. Methods: We explored the inhibitory mechanisms of BIOGF1K using lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory responses, reporter gene assays involving overexpression of toll-like receptor adaptor molecules, and immunoblotting analysis. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay to measure the antioxidative activity. We cotransfected adaptor molecules, including the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and Toll/interleukin-receptor domain containing adaptor molecule-inducing interferon-${\beta}$ (TRIF), to measure the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Results: BIOGF1K suppressed lipopolysaccharide-triggered NO release in macrophages as well as DPPH-induced electron-donating activity. It also blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA levels of interferon-${\beta}$ and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Moreover, BIOGF1K diminished the translocation and activation of IRF3 and NF-${\kappa}B$ (p50 and p65). This extract inhibited the upregulation of NF-${\kappa}B$-linked luciferase activity provoked by phorbal-12-myristate-13 acetate as well as MyD88, TRIF, and inhibitor of ${\kappa}B$ ($I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$) kinase ($IKK{\beta}$), and IRF3-mediated luciferase activity induced by TRIF and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). Finally, BIOGF1K downregulated the NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway by blocking $IKK{\beta}$ and the IRF3 pathway by inhibiting TBK1, according to reporter gene assays, immunoblotting analysis, and an AKT/$IKK{\beta}$/TBK1 overexpression strategy. Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that the suppression of $IKK{\beta}$ and TBK1, which mediate transcriptional regulation of NF-${\kappa}B$ and IRF3, respectively, may contribute to the broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of BIOGF1K.

Keywords

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