Korean Journal of Agricultural Science (농업과학연구)

Institute of Agricultural Science, CNU (충남대학교 농업과학연구소)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of dietary supplementation of fermented Rhus verniciflua on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, blood profile, and fecal microflora in weanling pigs

  • Received : 2016.11.30
  • Accepted : 2017.02.20
  • Published : 2017.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Fermented Rhus verniciflua (FRV) as feed additives act as excellent anti-diarrheal drugs as they increase the intestinal absorption rate therefore being indirectly associated with enhancing growth performance and increasing digestibility in livestock. A total of 80 weaned pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $6.82{\pm}1.11kg$ were used to evaluate a diet supplemented with FRV meal in a 6 week feeding trial with two dietary treatments [CON - basal diet; TRT - CON + 0.2% FRV] on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), blood profiles, fecal microflora, and fecal score. Our results showed that the dietary supplementation of FRV improved (p < 0.05) average daily gain and gain : feed (G : F) ratio during days 15 - 42 and the overall experiment period and also increased the ATTD of dry matter (p < 0.05) at days 14 and 42. On the contrary, there was no effect (p > 0.05) on average daily feed intake, ATTD of nitrogen and energy, and blood profiles during the entire experiment. Moreover, dietary inclusion of FRV significantly increased fecal Lactobacillus (p < 0.05) counts and reduced the diarrhea during days 22 - 42. Thus, the results suggest that FRV can be used as a potential additive to improve growth performance and dry matter and to reduce diarrhea while having beneficial effects on fecal microflora in weanling pigs.

Keywords

References

  1. AOAC. 2007. Official methods of analysis, 18th ed., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
  2. Balasubramanian B, Li T, Kim IH. 2016a. Effects of supplementing growing-finishing pig diets with Bacillus spp. probiotic on growth performance and meat-carcass grade quality traits. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 45:93-100. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902016000300002
  3. Balasubramanian B, Park JW, Kim IH. 2016b. Evaluation of the effectiveness of supplementing microencapsulated organic acids and essential oils in diets for sows and suckling piglets. Italian Journal of Animal Science 15:626-633. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1222243
  4. Bhatt N. 2015. Herbs and herbal supplements, a novel nutritional approach in animal nutrition. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science 5:497-516.
  5. Bonneau M, Laarveld B. 1999. Biotechnology in animal nutrition, physiology and health. Livestock Production Science 59:223-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00029-9
  6. Campbell JM, Crenshaw JD, Polo J. 2013. The biological stress of early weaned piglets. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 4:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-19
  7. Chen HL, Li DF, Chang BY, Gong LM, Dai JG, Yi GF. 2003. Effect of Chinese herbal polysaccharides on the immunity and growth performance of young broilers. Poultry Science 82:364-370. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.3.364
  8. Cho JH, Zhang S, Kim IH. 2012. Effects of anti-diarrhoeal herbs on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 25:1595-1604. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12339
  9. Choi MJ, Lee SJ, Jang SH, Reza MA, Hong JH, Jung HK, Park SC. 2010. Biological activities and single oral dose toxicity in rat of fermented Rhus verniciflua extract. Korean Journal of Veterinary Research 50:187-195.
  10. Dibner JJ, Buttin P. 2002. Use of organic acid as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research 11:453-463. https://doi.org/10.1093/japr/11.4.453
  11. Duncan DB. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F test. Biometrics 11:1. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478
  12. Eisen EJ, Bohren BB, McKean HE. 1962. The Haugh unit as a measure of egg albumen quality. Poultry Science 41:1461-1468. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0411461
  13. Guo FC, Kwakkel RP, Soede J, Williams BA, Verstegen MW. 2004. Effects of a Chinese herb medicine formulation, as an alternative for antibiotics, on performance of broilers. British Poultry Science 45:793-797. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660400012741
  14. Hernandez F, Madrid J, Garcia V, Orengo J, Megias MD. 2004. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poultry Science 83:169-174. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.2.169
  15. Hong DH, Han SB, Lee CW, Park SH, Jeon YJ, Kim MJ, Kwak SS, Kim HM. 1999. Cytotoxicity of urushiols isolated from sap of Korean lacquer tree (Rhus verniciflua Stokes), Archives of Pharmacal Research 22:638-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02975339
  16. Huang CW, Lee TT, Shih YC, Yu B. 2012. Effects of dietary supplementation of Chinese medicinal herbs on polymorphonuclear neutrophil immune activity and small intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 96:285-294. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01151.x
  17. Jang HS, Kook SH, Son YO, Kim JG, Jeon YM, Jang YS, Choi KC, Kim J, Han SK, Lee KY, Park BK, Cho NP, Lee JC. 2005. Flavonoids purified from Rhus verniciflua Stokes actively inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 17:309-316.
  18. Jeong HJ, Park JA, Kim MJ. 2016. Optimization of the extraction process for fermented Rhus verniciflua stokes using response surface methodology. Food Science and Biotechnology 25:179-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0027-5
  19. Jeong JS, Kim IH. 2015. Effect of fermented medicinal plants (Gynura procumbens Rehmannia glutinosa, Scutellaria baicalensis) as alternative performance enhancers in broilers. The Journal of Poultry Science 52:119-126. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0140061
  20. Jugl-Chizzola M, Ungerhofer E. Gabler C, Hagmuller W, Chiz-zola R, Zitterl-Eglseer K, Franz C. 2006. Testing of the palatability of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. as flavouring feed additive for weaner pigs on the basis of a choice experiment. Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 119:238-243.
  21. Kawai K, Nakagawa M, Kawai K, Miyakoshi T, Miyashita K, Asami T. 1992. Heat treatment of Japanese lacquerware renders it hypoallergenic. Contact Dermatitis 27:244-249. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.1992.tb03254.x
  22. Kim JS, Kwon YS, Chun WJ, Kim TY, Sun JH, Yu CY, Kim MJ. 2010. Rhus verniciflua Stokes flavonoid extracts have anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and a glucosidase inhibitory effect. Food Chemistry 120:539-543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.051
  23. Kim TJ. 1996. Korea resource plants, Vol. II. pp 292-297. Seoul University Press, Seoul, Korea.
  24. Lee JC, Kim J, Jang YS. 2003. Ethanol eluted extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human lymphoma cells. International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 36:337-343.
  25. Lee JC, Lim KT, Jang YS. 2002. Identification of Rhus verniciflua Stokes compounds that exhibit free radical scavenging and anti-apoptotic properties. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1570:181-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00196-4
  26. Lee JC, Lim KT. 2000. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial effects from Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) ethanolic extract. Food Science and Biotechnology 9:139-145.
  27. Liu CS, Nam TG, Han MW, Ahn SM, Choi HS, Kim TY, Chun OK, Koo SI, Kim D. 2013. Protective effect of detoxified Rhus verniciflua Stokes on human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts against oxidative stress and identification of the bioactive phenolics. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 77:1682-1688. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.130236
  28. Lohakare JD, Zheng J, Yun JH, Chae BJ. 2006. Effect of lacquer (Rhus verniciflua) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and serum profile of broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 19:418-424. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.418
  29. Mathivanan R, Selvaraj P, Nanjappan K. 2006. Feeding fermented soybean meal on broiler performance. International Journal of Poultry Science 5:868-872. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2006.868.872
  30. Nabuurs MJA. 1995 Microbiological structural and functional changes of the small intestine of pigs at weaning. Pig News and Information 16:93-97.
  31. NRC. 2012. Nutrient requirements of swine, 11th ed. National Academy of Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  32. Park JW, Yun HM, Park JH, Lee IS, Kim IH. 2016a. Effect of supplementation Oreganum aetheroleum essential oil on growth performance in sows and growth performance, fecal score in weanling pigs. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 43:794-801.
  33. Park KY, Jung GO, Lee KT, Choi JW, Choi MY, Kim GT, Jung HJ, Park HJ. 2004. Antimutagenic activity of flavonoids from the heartwood of Rhus verniciflua. Journal of Ethno pharmacology 90:73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.09.043
  34. Park SW, Kim BH, Kim YH, Kim SN, Jang KB, Kim YH, Park JC, Song MH, Oh SN. 2016b. Nutrition and feed approach according to pig physiology. Korean Journal of Agricultural Science 43:750-760.
  35. Pluske JR, Williams IH, Aherne FX. 1995. Nutrition of the neonatal pig. In The neonatal pig: development and survival edited by Varley MA. pp 187-235. CAB International,Wallingford, UK.
  36. Schone F, Vetter A, Hartung H, Bergmann H, Biertumpfel A, Richter G, Muller S, Breitschuh G. 2006. Effects of essential oils from fennel (Foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway (Carvi aetheroleum) in pigs. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 90:500-510. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0396.2006.00632.x.
  37. Song CH, Choi JY, Yoon SY, Yang YX, Shinde PL, Kwon IK, Kang SM, Lee SK, Chae BJ. 2008. Effects of lacquer (Rhus verniciflua) meal on carcass traits, fatty acid composition and meat quality of finishing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science 21:1207-1213. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.80131
  38. Song CH, Kim JS, Shinde P, Kim YW, Kim KH, Kwon IK, Kang SM, Lee SK, Chae BJ. 2010. Effect of inclusion of lacquer (Rhus verniciflua stokes) meal on carcass traits and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources 30:597-602. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.4.597
  39. Turpin DL, Pieter L, Chen TY, Lines D, Pluske JR. 2016. Intermittent suckling causes a transient increase in cortisol that does not appear to compromise selected measures of piglet welfare and stress. Animals 6:24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6030024
  40. Upadhaya SD, Kim IH. 2015. Ileal digestibility of nutrients and amino acids in unfermented, fermented soybean meal and canola meal for weaning pigs. Animal Science Journal 86:408-414. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12305
  41. Williams CH, David DJ, Iismaa O. 1962. The determination of chromic oxide in faeces samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Journal of Agricultural Science 59:381-385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185960001546X
  42. Wilson AD, Stoke CR, Boure J. 1989. Effect of age on absorption and immune responses to weaning or introduction of novel dietary antigens in pigs. Research in Veterinary Science 46:180-186.
  43. Windisch W, Schedle K, Plitzner C, Kroismayr A. 2008. Use of phytogenic products as feed additives for swine and poultry. Journal of Animal Sciences 86:140-148.
  44. Yang J, Du Y, Huang R, Sun L, Liu H, Gao XJF. 2005. Kennedy Chemical modification and antitumour activity of Chinese lacquer polysaccharide from lac tree Rhus vernicifera, Carbohydrate Polymers 59:101-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.09.004
  45. Zhang S, Jung JH, Kim HS, Kim BY, Kim IH. 2012. Influences of phytoncide supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, diarrhea scores and fecal microflora shedding in weaning pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 25:1309-1315. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12170

Cited by

  1. Role of dietary nucleotides to mitigate post-weaning stress in newly weaned pigs vol.44, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.7744/kjoas.20170054