Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A comparative study on chemical composition of total saponins extracted from fermented and white ginseng under the effect of macrophage phagocytotic function

  • Xiao, Dan (Chang Chun University of Technology) ;
  • Xiu, Yang (Jilin Ginseng Academy, Chang Chun University of Chinese Medicine) ;
  • Yue, Hao (Jilin Ginseng Academy, Chang Chun University of Chinese Medicine) ;
  • Sun, Xiuli (Jilin Ginseng Academy, Chang Chun University of Chinese Medicine) ;
  • Zhao, Huanxi (Jilin Ginseng Academy, Chang Chun University of Chinese Medicine) ;
  • Liu, Shuying (Chang Chun University of Technology)
  • Received : 2016.12.23
  • Accepted : 2017.03.23
  • Published : 2017.07.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, white ginseng was used as the raw material, which was fermented with Paecilomyces hepiali through solid culture medium, to produce ginsenosides with modified chemical composition. The characteristic chemical markers of the products thus produced were investigated using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (RRLC-QTOF-MS). Chemical profiling data were obtained, which were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis for the systematic comparison of active ingredients in white ginseng and fermented ginseng to understand the beneficial properties of ginsenoside metabolites. In addition, the effects of these components on biological activity were investigated to understand the improvements in the phagocytic function of macrophages in zebrafish. According to the established RRLC-QTOF-MS chemical profiling, the contents in ginsenosides of high molecular weight, especially malonylated protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, were slightly reduced due to the fermentation, which were hydrolyzed into rare and minor ginsenosides. Moreover, the facilitation of macrophage phagocytic function in zebrafish following treatment with different ginseng extracts confirmed that the fermented ginseng is superior to white ginseng. Our results prove that there is a profound change in chemical constituents of ginsenosides during the fermentation process, which has a significant effect on the biological activity of these compounds.

Keywords

References

  1. Pu Z, Zhang PJ, Gao YG, Hao JX, Wang YX, Li R, et al. The evaluation of contents of nine ginsenoside monomers in ginseng hairy roots by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). J Med Plant Res 2011;5:5513-6.
  2. Gui Y, Ryu GH. The effect of extrusion conditions on the acidic polysaccharide, ginsenoside contents and antioxidant properties of extruded Korean red ginseng. J Ginseng Sci 2013;37:219-26. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.219
  3. Ligor T, Ludwiczuk A, Wolski T, Buszewski B. Isolation and determination of ginsenosides in American ginseng leaves and root extracts by LC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005;383:1098-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-005-0120-8
  4. Ahnso HY, Hong SY, Kim J, Kwon O. Panax ginseng extract rich in ginsenoside protopanaxatriol offers combinatorial effects in nitric oxide production via multiple signaling pathways. Springerplus 2013;2:96-100. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-96
  5. Hien TT, Kim ND, Pokharel YR, Oh SJ, Lee MY, Kang KW. Ginsenoside Rg3 increases nitric oxide production via increases in phosphorylation and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: essential roles of estrogen receptor-dependent PI3-kinase and AMP-activated protein kinase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010;246:171-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2010.05.008
  6. Dan X, Hao Y, Yang X, Xiuli S, Shuying L. Accumulation characteristics and correlation analysis of five ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2015;39:338-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.03.004
  7. Im KS, Chang EH, Je NG. A modified alkaline hydrolysis of total ginsenosides yielding genuine aglycones and prosapogenol. Arch Pharm Res 1995;18:454-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976351
  8. Yan X, Fan Y, Wei W, Wang PP, Liu QF, Wei YJ, et al. Production of bioactive ginsenoside compound K in metabolically engineered yeast. Cell Res 2014;24:770-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2014.28
  9. Xie YY, Luo D, Cheng YJ, Ma JF, Wang YM, Liang QL, et al. Steaming-induced chemical transformations and holistic quality assessment of red ginseng derived from Panax ginseng by means of HPLC-ESI-MS/MSn-based multicomponent quantification fingerprint. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:8213-24. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf301116x
  10. Lu JM, Yao QY, Chen CY. Ginseng compounds: an update on their molecular mechanisms and medical applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2009;7:293-302. https://doi.org/10.2174/157016109788340767
  11. Ramesh T, Kim SW, Sung JH, Hwang SY, Sohn SH, Yoo SK, et al. Effect of fermented Panax ginseng extract (GINST) on oxidative stress and antioxidant activities in major organs of aged rats. Exp Gerontol 2012;47:77-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2011.10.007
  12. Oh MR, Park SH, Kim SY, Back HI, MI, Kim MG, et al. Postprandial glucoselowering effects of fermented red ginseng in subjects with impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. BMC Complem Altern M 2014;14:237-44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-237
  13. Rae SH, Lee HS, Kim MR, Kim SY, Kim JM, Suh HJ. Changes of ginsenoside content by mushroom mycelial fermentation in Red ginseng extract. J Ginseng Res 2011;35:235-42. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.235
  14. Dan M, Su MM, Gao XF, Zhan T, Zhao AH, Xie GX, et al. Metabolite profiling of Panax notoginseng using UPLC-ESI-MS. Phytochemistry 2008;69:2237-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.04.015
  15. Choi HS, Kim SY, Park Y, Jung EY, Suh HJ. Enzymatic transformation of ginsenoside in Korean Red Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) extract prepared by Spezyme and Optidex. J Ginseng Res 2014;38:264-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.05.005
  16. Bao QL, Jing Ch, Tong XW, Zhai HL, Zhang XY. Fast determination of four active compounds in Sanqi Panax notoginseng injection samples by highperformance liquid chromatography with a chemometric method. J Sep Sci 2015;38:1449-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201401439
  17. Seth A, Stemple DL, Barroso I. The emerging use of zebrafish to model metabolic disease. Dis Model Mech 2013;6:1080-8. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.011346
  18. Wu YL, Piao DM, Han XH, Nan JX. Protective effects of salidroside against acetaminophen-induced toxicity in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2008;31:1523-9. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1523
  19. Malucka LU, Harvanova J, Pavilk M, Rajtar M. Jarosciak. Free-radical scavenging activities of cultured mycelia of Paecilomyces hepiali (Ascomycetes) extracts and structural characterization of bioactive components by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Int J Med Mushrooms 2016;18:895-903. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMedMushrooms.v18.i10.50
  20. Wei W, Le S, Zhe Z, Guo YY, Liu SY. Profiling and multivariate statistical analysis of Panax ginseng based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole- time -of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015;107:141-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.12.030

Cited by

  1. A Study on the Vinegar Fermentation Processes of Fresh Korean Ginseng Extract Using Mix Microbial Yinkin vol.20, pp.4, 2017, https://doi.org/10.21289/ksic.2017.20.4.345
  2. Enhanced one-step sample pretreatment method for extraction of ginsenosides from rat plasma using tailor-made deep eutectic mixture solvents vol.11, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ay02433b
  3. Enhanced one-step sample pretreatment method for extraction of ginsenosides from rat plasma using tailor-made deep eutectic mixture solvents vol.11, pp.8, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ay02433b
  4. A Combination of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Extract Enhances Their Individual Anti-Obesity Properties in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and C57BL/6J Obese Mice vol.23, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.4660
  5. Comparative Analysis of the Chemical Consistency Between the Traditional and Mixed Decoction of Maimendong Decoction by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Quadrupole with Time-of-Fligh vol.58, pp.6, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmz104
  6. 인삼(人蔘)과 홍삼(紅蔘)의 네트워크 약리학적 분석 결과 비교 vol.28, pp.3, 2017, https://doi.org/10.14374/hfs.2020.28.3.243
  7. Low Molecular Weight Oligosaccharide from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer against UV-Mediated Apoptosis and Inhibits Tyrosinase Activity In Vitro and In Vivo vol.2021, pp.None, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8879836