DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

전남 사찰림에서의 소나무 생육과 입지환경간의 상관관계 연구

A Study on Correlation Between the Growth of Korean Red Pine and Location Environment in Temple Forests in Jeollanam-do, Korea

  • 박석곤 (국립순천대학교 산림자원.조경학부) ;
  • 홍석환 (부산대학교 조경학과) ;
  • 오찬진 (전라남도산림자원연구소)
  • Park, Seok-Gon (Division of Forest Resources and Landscape Architecture, Sunchon National Univ.) ;
  • Hong, Suk-Hwan (Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Pusan National Univ.) ;
  • Oh, Chan-Jin (Jeollanam-do Forest Resources Research Institute)
  • 투고 : 2017.01.23
  • 심사 : 2017.06.23
  • 발행 : 2017.08.31

초록

사찰인근 소나무림은 문화경관림으로서 가치가 높으나 식생천이와 기후변화로 쇠퇴할 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 사찰인근 소나무림을 대상으로 식생구조와 소나무 활력도, 입지환경 특성을 조사해 소나무 생육과 입지환경간의 상관관계를 밝히고자 했다. 소나무림이 양호하게 남아 있는 전남지역의 천은사, 원효사, 증심사, 태안사 4개소를 연구대상지로 선정했다. 이 대상지의 교목층에는 모두 소나무가 우점하고 하층에는 낙엽활엽수종이 주로 출현했다. 소나무의 수령이 많은 천은사 지역보다 증심사 원효사의 소나무 생육상태가 전반적으로 좋지 않았다. 토양의 총질소량은 증심사가 다른 지역보다 높은 편이었는데 하층식생 발달로 총질소량이 늘어난 것으로 보인다. 이로 인해 낙엽활엽수종과의 질소양분 경합에서 밀려 소나무의 생육이 악화된 것으로 추정된다. 해발고와 가지길이는 부(-)의 상관관계를, 경사도와 소나무 평균상대우점치도 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였다. 즉, 해발고 경사도가 상승할수록 토양환경을 포함한 생육환경이 열악해지면서 소나무의 생장량 우점도가 저조해지는 것으로 보인다. 경사도는 소나무 가지길이와 정의(+) 상관관계를 보였다. 소나무림이 주로 분포하는 입지환경 범위 내라면, 급경사지일수록 낙엽활엽수종과의 경쟁을 회피해 소나무 생육이 양호해지는 것으로 판단된다. 반면, 토양의 전기전도도가 증가할수록 소나무 생육이 더 악화되는 것으로 분석됐다. 토양양분 증가는 낙엽활엽수종의 식생 발달을 촉진해 소나무의 생육환경을 악화시켜 소나무림의 건전성 유지에 부정적 영향을 미친 것으로 보인다.

Although Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests near temples are valuable as forests of the cultural landscape, they are likely to be deteriorated because of vegetation succession and climate changes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the vegetation structure, the pine vitality, and the site environmental characteristics of the pine forests near temples to identify the correlation between pine tree growth and location environment. We selected Chuneunsa, Wonhyosa, Jeungsimsa, and Taeansa Temples since these four areas still had the healthy pine forests. In all four studied area, the pine trees dominate the canopy layers while the deciduous broadleaf trees mostly inhabited appeared in the lower layers. The growth of pine trees in Jeungsimsa and Wonhyosa areas was not as good as Chuneunsa area where the pine trees tended to be older. We found higher total nitrogen content in soil in Jeungsimsa area than other areas, maybe because of increase in total nitrogen caused by the development of low vegetation in the area. This peculiarity may have led to the pine trees in the area to fall behind the deciduous broadleaf trees in competition for nitrogen nutrient and thus to show deteriorated growth. The altitude and the twig length showed a negative correlation as did the degree of slope and the mean importance percentage of the pine tree. In other words, the growth environment such as soil became poorer when the altitude and the degree of slope increased, and thus the growth amount and dominance of the pine trees were lower. The degree of slope showed a positive correlation with the twig length of the pine tree. Within boundaries of location environment where the pine tree forests were dominant, it seemed that growth of the pine trees was more favorable as the slope was steeper because the trees could avoid competition with deciduous broadleaf trees. On the other hand, the growth of pine trees deteriorated as the electrical conductivity of soil increased; increase in soil nutrients might have accelerated vegetation development of deciduous broadleaf trees and thus aggravated the growth environment of pine trees to negatively affect maintaining the health of the pine tree forests.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Ashton, P.S.(1969) Speciation among tropical forest trees: some deductions in the light of recent evidence. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 1: 155-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01818.x
  2. Bae, B.H and H.J. Lee(1999) Phytosociological studies for vegetation conservation of pine forest. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 22(1): 21-29.(in Korean with English abstract)
  3. Brower, J.E. and J.H. Zar(1977) Field and Laboratory Methods for General Ecology. Wm. C. Brown Company, 194pp.
  4. Budowski, G.(1965) Distribution of tropical American rain forest species in the light of successional processes. Turrialba 15: 40-42.
  5. Choi, J.Y., K.S. Choi, K.S. Song, K.S. Yoon, H.I. Sung and J.J. Kim(2014) Characteristics of shoot elongation of Pinus densiflora stands on Mt. Yongma in Seoul. Proceedings of The Korean Forest Society Annual Conference, 114pp.(in Korean with English abstract)
  6. Choi, S.H., W.K. Lee, D.A. Kwak, S.C. Lee, Y.H Son, J.H. Lim and J. Saborowski(2011) Predicting forest cover changes in future climate using hydrological and thermal indices in South Korea. Climate Research 49: 229-245.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01026
  7. Finzi, A.C., C.D. Canham and N.V. Breemen(1998) Canopy tree-soil interactions within temperate forests: species effects on pH and cations. Ecological Applications 8(2): 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0447:CTSIWT]2.0.CO;2
  8. Harper, J.L. and J. White(1974) The demography of plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5: 419-463. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.002223
  9. Jeong, J.H., C.N. Kim, K.S. Goo, C.H. Lee, H.G. Woon and J.G. Byun(2003) Physic-chemical properties of Korean forest soils by parent rocks. Jour. Korean For. Soc. 92(3): 254-262.(in Korean with English abstract)
  10. Jo, J.C., W. Cho and B.H. Han(1995) The plant community structure of Pinus densiflora in forest in Chuwangsan national park. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 8(2): 121-134.(in Korean with English Abstract)
  11. Jones, E.W.(1945) The structure and reproduction of the virgin forest of the north temperate zone. New Phytol. 44: 130-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1945.tb05026.x
  12. Kang, H.M. S.G. Park and S.C. Lee(2016) Characteristics of Pinus densiflora-dominant community on the mountain ridges of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek - Focusing on the Baekbyeongsan, Chilbosan, Baegamsan, Unjusan, Goheonsan -. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 30(4): 751-761.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2016.30.4.751
  13. Kim, J.S.(2014) Science of Piuns densiflrora : form DNA to Management. Korea Univ., Publishing. 572pp.(in Korean with English abstract)
  14. Kim, S.D. and H.K. Jang(1995) Regeneration process of the pine (Pinus densiflora) forest in Bulying-Gyegog, Kyungsangbuk-Do, Korea. Jour. Korean For. Soc. 84: 258-265.(in Korean with English abstract).
  15. Kim, T.M., W.K. Lee, S.E. Jung and H.B. Kwak(2008) Analysis of relationship between spatial distribution of Pinus densiflora and topographical factors. The Journal of GIS Association of Korea 16(3): 359-372.(in Korean with English abstract)
  16. Korea Forest Research Institute(2005) Survey Natural Pinus densiflora Forest in Gwangneung Experimental Forest, 246pp.(in Korean)
  17. Kume, A.(2000) Eco-physiological decline processes of Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc., in the Seto inland sea area of Japan. Japanese Journal of Ecology 50(3): 311-317.(in Japanese with English abstract)
  18. Kume, A., T. Satomura, N. Tsuboi, M. Chiwa, Y. Hanba, K. Nakane, T. Horikoshi and H. Sakugawa(2003) Effect of understory vegetation on the ecophysiological characteristics of an overstory pine, Pinus densiflora. Forest Ecology and Management 176: 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00282-7
  19. Kwack, B.W. and Y.C. Shin(1979) Landscape and woody vegetation of entering way to some scenic buddhist temples in Korea. Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture 8(1): 1-11.(in Korean with English abstract)
  20. Kwon, J.O.(2003) A study on the application of the ecological evaluation for the nature friendly residential site development planning. Doctor's thesis, University of Seoul, 281pp.(in Korean with English Abstract)
  21. Lee, C.S.(1995) Disturbance regime of the Pinus densiflora forest in Korea. Korean J. Ecol. 18(1): 179-188.(in Korean with English abstract)
  22. Lee, D.G., Y.S. Kim,H.T. Shin, S.K. Kang and S.G. Park(2012) Ilex crenata for. microphylla Rehder's leaf variations according to different altitudes of east-west slopes of Hallasan. The Journal of Korean Institute of Forest Recreation 16(2): 9-14.(in Korean with English abstract)
  23. Lee, K.J., I.H. Park, J.C. Jo and C.H. Oh(1990) Studies on the structure of the forest community in Mt. Sokri(2) analysis on the plant community by the classification and ordination techniques. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 4(1): 33-43.(in Korean with English Abstract).
  24. Lee, K.J., K.S. Ki and J.W.Choi(2009a) Vegetation succession and vegetation management of the Pinus densiflora S. et Z. forest in the Beopjusa Area, Songnisan national park. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 23(2): 208-219 (in Korean with English Abstract)
  25. Lee, S.D., K.J. Lee and J.W. Choi(2009b) Management plan to consider ecological characteristic of Pinus densiflora community in Seoul. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 23(2): 259-271.(in Korean with English Abstract)
  26. Lee, W.T., C.H. Lee(1989) Plant sociological studies on the Pinus densiflora forest in Korea. Korean. J. Ecol. 12(4): 257-284.(in Korean with English Abstract)
  27. Park, G.C.(1993) Relation of the physico-chemical properties of forest soil to site indices of Pinus koraiensis, Larix leptolepis, Pinus densiflora and Pinus densiflora for. erecta stands. Doctor's thesis, Gyeongsang Univ., 53pp.(in Korean with English abstract)
  28. Park, S.G., M.H. Yi, J.W. Yoon and H.T. Sin(2012) Environmental factors and growth properties of Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino community and effect its distribution on the development of lower vegetation in Jirisan national park. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 26(1): 82-90.(in Korean with English abstract)
  29. Park., S.G.(2013) An analysis of Sasa borealis' growth properties and positional environmental factors in Jirisan national park. J. Korean Env. Res. Tech. 16(2): 53-61.
  30. Richter, D.D., D. Markewitz, C.G. Wells, H.L. Allen, R. April, P.R. Heine and B. Urrego(1994) Soil chemical change during three decades in an old‐field Loblolly pine (Pinus Taeda L.) ecosystem. Ecology 75(5): 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.2307/1937469
  31. Seo, D.J., C.Y. Oh, K.S. Woo and J.C. Lee(2013) A study on ecological niche of Pinus densiflora forests according to the environmental factors. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 15(3): 153-160.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2013.15.3.153
  32. Shin, M.Y., H.K. Won, S.W. Lee and Y.Y. Lee(2007) Site index equations and estimation of productive areas for major pine species by climatic zones using environmental factors. Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 9(3): 179-187.(in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.5532/KJAFM.2007.9.3.179
  33. Shiobara, T., C. Hamano and T. Hamaya(2002) Decline and the agents causing it of large-sized old trees, read from the 1,041 sheets of clinical records made by "tree doctors". Journal of tree health 6(1): 3-12(in Japanese with English abstract)
  34. Song, H.K., S.D. Kim, K.K. Jang(1995) An analysis of vegetation environment relationships of Piuns densiflora for Erecta and Chunyang-type of Pinus densiflora communities by TWINSPAN and DCCA. Jour. Korean For. Soc. 84(2): 266-274.(in Korean with English Abstract)
  35. Spark, D.L., A.L. Page, P.A. Helmke, R.H. Loepppert, P.N. Soltanpour, M.A. Tabatabai, C.T. Johnston and M.E. Sumner(1996) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3: Chemical methods, SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin (USA), 1264pp.
  36. Yim, K.B., I.H. Park, K.J. Lee(1980) Phytosociological changes of Pinus densiflora forest induced by insect damage in Kyonggi-do area. Jour. Korean For. Soc. 50: 56-71.(in Korean with English Abstract)
  37. Yoon, J.H.(2003) Characteristics and change prediction of spatial distribution of Pinus densiflora stands in Korea : Emphasis on impacts of topography, climate, and soil factors. Doctor's thesis, Korea Univ., 142pp.(in Korean with English abstract)