Asia Marketing Journal

Korean Marketing Association (한국마케팅학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Individual Difference on Organizational Difference: Perceived Training Effectiveness Model for Organizational Performance

  • Malik, Beenish (Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan) ;
  • Karim, Jahanvash (Institute of Management Sciences, University of Balochistan) ;
  • Noreen, Tayyaba (Department of computer science University of Balochistan) ;
  • Han, Sang-Lin (School of Business, Hanyang University)
  • Received : 2017.08.28
  • Accepted : 2017.11.01
  • Published : 2017.10.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Our study is trying to investigate the perceived training effectiveness by applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) and intend to examine the effects of individual differences on perceived training effectiveness and performance of individuals. The main purpose is to evaluate the perceived training effectiveness, and role of individual differences in terms of learning. The results of this study supported all the hypothesis that participants with higher level of creative self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, creativity and emotional intelligence (EI) will have greater inclinations to learn. Results showed that perceive training effectiveness is positively related to training transfer and training transfer increase the performance of individuals. Study results significantly agree with the theory of planned behavior (TPB) which was applied to measure the perceived training effectiveness and suggest trainee's perception of usefulness, ease and benefits enhance learning dimensions of participants that make any program effective. The study has highlighted a number of issues that influence the perceived training effectiveness.

Keywords

References

  1. Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45: 357-376.
  2. Amabile, T. M. (1985). Motivation and creativity: Effects of motivational orientation on creative writers. Journal of personality and social psychology, 48(2), 393-399
  3. Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovations in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (pp. 123-167). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
  4. Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  5. Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative science quarterly, 50(3), 367-403.
  6. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  7. Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11-39). Heidelberg: Springer.
  8. Ajzen, I., Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  9. Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dasborough, M. T. (2003). Emotional awareness and emotional intelligence in leadership teaching. Journal of Education for Business, 79(1), 18-22.
  10. Austin, E. J., Saklofske, D. H., Huang, S. H. S., & McKenney, D (2004). Measurement of trait emotional intelligence: Testing and cross-validating a modified version of Schutte et al.'s (1998) measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 555-562.
  11. Axtell, C. M., Maitlis, S., & Yearta, S. K. (1997). Predicting immediate and longerterm transfer of training. Personnel Review, 26(3), 201-213.
  12. Baldwin, T. T., & Ford,. J. K. (1988). Transfer of training: A review and directions for future research. Personnel Psychology, 41(1) 63-105.
  13. Baldwin, T. T., Magjuka, R. J., & Loher, B. T. (1991). The perils of participation: Effects of choice of training on trainee motivation and learning. Personnel Psychology, 44(1), 51-65.
  14. Bandura A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall.
  15. Barrett, P. T., Petrides, K. V., Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1998). The Eysenck personality Questionnaire: An Examination of the factorial similarity of P, E, N, and Lacross 34 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 805-819.
  16. Boudreau, J. W., Boswell, W. R., & Judge, T. A. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United States and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58(1), 53-81.
  17. Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., & Huang, J. L. (2010). Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1065-1105.
  18. Cheng, E. W. L., & Ho, D. C. K. (2001). A review of transfer of training studies in the past decade. Personnel Review, 30, 102-118.
  19. Choi, J. N. (2004). Individual and contextual predictors of creative performance: The mediating role of psychological processes. Creativity Research Journal, 16(2-3), 187-199.
  20. Corbett, A. C. (2005). Experiential learning within the process of opportunity identification and exploitation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(4), 473-491.
  21. Cordano, M., & Frieze, I. H. (2000). Pollution reduction preferences of US environmental managers: Applying Ajzen's theory of planned behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 627-641.
  22. Costa, P. T. & McCrae, R. R. (1992). An introduction to the Five-Factor model and its Applications. Journal of Personality, 60, 175-215.
  23. Dastmalchian, A., & Blyton, P. (1992). Organizational structure, human resource practices and industrial relations. Personnel Review, 21(1), 58-67.
  24. Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3): 319-340.
  25. DeTienne, D. R., & Chandler, G. N. (2004). Opportunity identification and its role in the entrepreneurial classroom: A pedagogical approach and empirical test. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3), 242-257.
  26. Dimov, D. (2007). From opportunity insight to opportunity intention: The importance of person-situation learning match. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(4), 561-583.
  27. Elder, L. (1997). Critical Thinking: The Key to Emotional Intelligence. Journal of developmental education, 21(1), 40-41.
  28. Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and Individual Differences: a natural science approach. Plenum Press, New York.
  29. Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1987). Personality and individual differences. Plenum.
  30. Facteau, J. D., Dobbins, G. H., Russell, J. E., Ladd, R. T., & Kudisch, J. D. (1995). The influence of general perceptions of the training environment on pretraining motivation and perceived training transfer. Journal of management, 21(1), 1-25.
  31. Ford, J. K., & Weissbein, D. A. (1997). Transfer of training: An updated review and analysis. Performance improvement quarterly, 10(2), 22-41.
  32. Ford, D. Y. (1996). Reversing underachievement among gifted Black students. New York: Teacher's College Press Information Systems, 1(1), 8.
  33. Geilen, E. W. (1996). Transfer of training in corporate setting: testing a mode. In Proceedings of the 1996 Academy of Human Resource Development Annual Conference (pp. 434-441). Academy of Human Resource Development.
  34. Giambra, L.M. (1989). Task-unrelated-thought frequency as a function of age: A laboratory study. Psychology and Aging, 4, 136-143.
  35. Gong, Y., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative selfefficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765-77.
  36. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
  37. Gritz, R. M. (1993). The impact of training on the frequency and duration of employment. Journal of Econometrics, 57(1), 21-51.
  38. Haccoun, R. R., & Saks, A. M. (1998). Training in the 21st century: Some lessons from the last one. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 39(1-2), 33.
  39. Hair, J. F., Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. (2006). Multivariate data analysis (Vol. 6). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  40. Hennessey, B. A., &Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 569-598.
  41. Richman-Hirsch, W. L. (2001). Post-training interventions to enhance transfer: the moderating effects of work environments. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(2) 105-120.
  42. Holton, E. F. III, Bates, R., Seyler, D., & Carvalho, M. (1997). Toward construct validation of a transfer climate instrument. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 8, 95-113.
  43. Holton, E. F. (1996). The flawed four-level evaluation model. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 7(2), 5-21.
  44. Hoyle, R. H. (Ed.). (1995). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Sage Publications.
  45. Ismail, A., Hasan, A. B. M., & Sulaiman, A. Z. (2010). Supervisor's role as an antecedent of training transfer and motivation to learn in training programs. Acta Universitatis Danubius. CEconomica, 6(2).
  46. Jackson, D. N. (1976). Jackson Personality Inventory Manual. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.
  47. Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., & Durham, C. C. (1997). The dispositional causes of job satisfaction: A core evaluations approach. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 151-188.
  48. Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V., & Welbourne, T. M. (1999). Managerial coping with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal of applied psychology, 84(1), 107.
  49. Kahn, H., & Wiener, A. J. (1969). The year 2000. Macmillan.
  50. Kanfer, R., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Motivational traits and skills: A personcentered approach to work motivation. Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, 1-56.
  51. Kaufman, R. S., & Paula, M. (1997). The guidebook for Performance Improvement: Working with individuals and Organization. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass Pfeiffer.
  52. Kozlowski, S. W., & Hults, B. M. (1987). An exploration of climates for technical updating and performance. Personnel Psychology, 40(3), 539-563.
  53. Lourenco, F., & Jayawarna, D. (2011). Enterprise education: the effect of creativity on training outcomes. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 17(3), 224-244.
  54. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
  55. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R., & Sitaraneos, G. (2003). Measuring emotional Intelligence with the MSCEIT V2.0. Emotion, 3, 97-105.
  56. Mednick, S. A. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological Review, 69, 220-232.
  57. Mueller, S. L., & Thomas, A. S. (2001). Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness. Journal of business venturing, 16(1), 51-75.
  58. Nassazi, A. (2013). Effects of Training on Employee Performance: Evidence from Uganda.
  59. Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., & Wanek, J. E. (2014). Employee Development: Issues in Construct Definition and Investigation of Antecedents. Improving Training Effectiveness in Work Organizations, ed. JK Ford, SWJ Kozlowski, K. Kraiger, E. Salas, and MS Teach out (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997), 153-89.
  60. Noe, C. F. (1999). Voluntary disclosures and insider transactions. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 27(3), 305-326.
  61. Noe, R. A., & Ford, J. K. (1992). Emerging issues and new directions for training research. Research in personnel and human resources management, 10, 345-384.
  62. Noe, R. A., & Schmitt, N. (1986). The influence of trainee attitudes on training effectiveness: Test of a model. Personnel Psychology, 39, 497-523.
  63. Pfeffer, J. (1998). The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
  64. Phillips, J. (1997). Handbook of Training Evaluation and Measurement Methods. Houston: Gulf, Texas.
  65. Punia, B. K., & Kant, S. (2013). A Review of Factors Affecting Training Effectiveness vis-a-vis Managerial Implications and Future Research Directions. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(1), 151-164.
  66. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Selfdetermination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68.
  67. Russell, J., Terborg, J., & Powers, M. (1985). Organizational performance and organizational level training and support. Personnel Psychology, 38, 849-863.
  68. Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. 2004. What leaders need to know: A review of social and Contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. Leadership Quarterly, 15: 33-53.
  69. Schwarz, N. (1990). Feelings as information: Informational and affective functions of affective states. In E. T. Higgins & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.). Handbook of motivation Emotional Intelligence: The Most Potent Factor of Job Performance and cognition: Foundations of social behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 527-561). New York: Guil.
  70. Shepherd, C. (1999). Assessing the ROI of Training. www.fastrak-conculting.com.uk.
  71. Souitaris, V., Zerbinati, S., & Al-Laham, A. (2007). Do entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(4), 566-591.
  72. Tai, W. T. (2006). "Effects of training framing general self-efficacy and training motivation on trainees' training effectiveness," Personnel Review, 35(1), 51-65.
  73. Tarkiainen, A., & Sundqvist, S. (2005). Subjective norms, attitudes and intentions of Finnish consumers in buying organic food. British food journal, 107(11), 808-822.
  74. Tennant, M. (1999). Is learning transferable? Understanding learning at work, 165.
  75. Tett, R. P., Guterman, H. A., Bleier, A., & Murphy, P. J. (2000). Development and content validation of a "hyper dimensional" taxonomy of managerial competence. Human Performance, 13, 205-251.
  76. Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., & Graen, G. B. (1999). An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationships. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 591-620.
  77. Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 1137-1148.
  78. Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2004). The Pygmalion process and employee creativity. Journal of Management, 30, 413-432.
  79. Tracey, J. B., Tannenbaum, S. I., & Kavanagh, M. J. (1995). Applying trained skills on the job: the importance of the work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(2), 239-52.
  80. Tsai, W. C., & Tai, W. T. (2003). Perceived importance as a mediator of the relationship between training assignment and training motivation. Personnel Review, 32(2), 151-163.
  81. Velada, R., Caetano, A., Michel, J. W., Lyons, B. D., & Kavanagh, M. J. (2007). The effects of training design, individual characteristics and work environment on transfer of training. International Journal of Training and Development, 11(4), 282-294.
  82. Ward, T. B. (2004). Cognition, creativity, and entrepreneurship. Journal of business venturing, 19(2), 173-188.
  83. Weaver, J. B. (2000). Personality and entertainment preferences. In D. Zillmann & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 235-247). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  84. Wilson, K. L., Lizzio, A., & Ramsden, P. (1997). The development, validation and application of the Course Experience Questionnaire. Studies in higher education, 22(1), 33-53.
  85. Wober, J. M. (1986). The lenses of television and the prism of personality. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Perspectives on media effects (pp. 205-228). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  86. Wong, C., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effect of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. Leadership Quarterly, 23, 243-274.
  87. Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989). Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Academy of management Review, 14(3), 361-384.