The Journal of the Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회논문지)

The Korea Contents Association (한국콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effects of Collective Leadership on Creative Behavior: Mediating Effect of Organizational-Based Self-Esteem Moderated by Psychological Safety

집합적 리더십이 창의적 행동에 미치는 영향: 심리적 안전감에 의해 조절된 조직기반 자긍심의 매개효과를 중심으로

  • 오호준 (서울과학종합대학원대학교) ;
  • 신제구 (서울과학종합대학원대학교)
  • Received : 2017.11.10
  • Accepted : 2017.11.27
  • Published : 2018.01.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The goal of this study is to verify the effectiveness of collective leadership. Specifically, we examine the direct effect of collective leadership on creative behavior and how this relationship is affected indirectly by organization-based self-esteem. Further, we identify the conditional indirect effect psychological safety has in moderating this mechanism. To minimize the common method bias, job rank and the affectivity in work situations were set as control variables. After excluding ten univariate outliers from 319 responses that were collected, a total of 309 samples were used for analysis. Our findings showed that collective leadership has a positive effect on the creative behavior of organization members, and that organization-based self-esteem played the role as partial mediator in the relationship between collective leadership and creative behavior. Also, the conditional indirect effect of psychological safety was found to be significant in the 'high' and 'very high' percentile levels, but not in the 'very low,' 'low,' and 'middle' levels. Together, the findings imply that when leaders at organizations promote members' organization-based self-esteem and creative behavior through collective leadership, it can be more effective when members feel high psychological safety in the organization.

본 연구는 집합적 리더십(collective leadership)의 유효성을 검증하는데 그 목적이 있다. 구체적으로 집합적 리더십이 창의적 행동에 미치는 직접효과와 집합적 리더십과 창의적 행동간 조직기반 자긍심의 간접효과를 검증하고, 이러한 간접효과의 메커니즘이 심리적 안전감에 의해 조절되는 조건부 간접효과를 규명하고자 한다. 본 연구는 동일방법편의(common method bias) 문제점을 최소화하기 위해 직급과 함께 직무상황에서의 정서성(affectivity)을 통제변수로 사용하였다. 회수된 설문지 319부 중 부적절한 자료(univariate outliers) 10부를 제외한 309부가 분석에 사용되었다. 연구결과, 집합적 리더십은 구성원들의 창의적 행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤고, 조직기반 자긍심은 집합적 리더십과 창의적 행동과의 관계에서 부분매개 역할을 하였다. 또한, 심리적 안전감의 조건부 간접효과는 '매우 낮음', '낮음', '중간'의 세 단계를 제외한 '높음', '매우 높음'의 두 단계에서 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과가 함의하는 바는, 조직의 리더들이 집합적 리더십을 통해 구성원의 조직기반 자긍심과 창의적 행동을 촉진하는데 있어 심리적 안전감이 높아야 그 효과성이 커진다는 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. V. Govindarajan and A. Srivastava, "Strategy When Creative Destruction Accelerates," 2016.
  2. C. L. Byrne, M. D. Mumford, J. D. Barrett, and W. B. Vessey, "Examining the leaders of creative efforts: What do they do, and what do they think about?," Creativity and Innovation Management, Vol.18, No.4, pp.256-268, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.2009.00532.x
  3. S. Hemlin, C. M. Allwood, B. Martin, and M. D. Mumford, Creativity and leadership in science, technology, and innovation. Routledge, 2014.
  4. J. K. Pinto and J. E. Prescott, "Variations in critical success factors over the stages in the project life cycle," Journal of management, Vol.14, No.1, pp.5-18, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638801400102
  5. C. E. Shalley, "Effects of coaction, expected evaluation, and goal setting on creativity and productivity," Academy of Management Journal, Vol.38, No.2, pp.483-503, 1995. https://doi.org/10.2307/256689
  6. G. Ekvall and L. Ryhammar, "The creative climate: Its determinants and effects at a Swedish university," Creativity research journal, Vol.12, No.4, pp.303-310, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1204_8
  7. J. P. De Jong and D. N. Den Hartog, "How leaders influence employees' innovative behaviour," European Journal of innovation management, Vol.10, No.1, pp.41-64, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060710720546
  8. C. E. Shalley and J. E. Perry-Smith, "Effects of social-psychological factors on creative performance: The role of informational and controlling expected evaluation and modeling experience," Organizational behavior and human decision processes, Vol.84, No.1, pp.1-22, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2918
  9. P. Tierney and S. M. Farmer, "Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance," Academy of Management journal, Vol.45, No.6, pp.1137-1148, 2002. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069429
  10. N. R. Anderson and M. A. West, "Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory," Journal of organizational behavior, pp.235-258, 1998.
  11. M. D. Mumford, G. M. Scott, B. Gaddis, and J. M. Strange, "Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships," The leadership quarterly, Vol.13, No.6, pp.705-750, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00158-3
  12. L. Y. Sun, Z. Zhang, J. Qi, and Z. X. Chen, "Empowerment and creativity: A cross-level investigation," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.23, No.1, pp.55-65, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.11.005
  13. C. Mainemelis, R. Kark, and O. Epitropaki, "Creative leadership: A multi-context conceptualization," Academy of Management Annals, Vol.9, No.1, pp.393-482, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2015.1024502
  14. C. E. Shalley and L. L. Gilson, "What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity," The leadership quarterly, Vol.15, No.1, pp.33-53, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.004
  15. T. L. Friedrich, W. B. Vessey, M. J. Schuelke, G. A. Ruark, and M. D. Mumford, "A framework for understanding collective leadership: The selective utilization of leader and team expertise within networks," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.20, No.6, pp.933-958, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.008
  16. P. Gronn, "Distributed leadership as a unit of analysis," The leadership quarterly, Vol.13, No.4, pp.423-451, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00120-0
  17. C. L. Pearce and J. A. Conger, Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership, Sage, 2002.
  18. S. J. Zaccaro, A. L. Rittman, and M. A. Marks, "Team leadership," The leadership quarterly, Vol.12, No.4, pp.451-483, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00093-5
  19. S. T. Hannah and P. B. Lester, "A multilevel approach to building and leading learning organizations," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.20, No.1, pp.34-48, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.003
  20. M. D. Mumford, S. J. Zaccaro, F. D. Harding, T. O. Jacobs, and E. A. Fleishman, "Leadership skills for a changing world: Solving complex social problems," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.11, No.1, pp.11-35, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00041-7
  21. 김문주, 정예지, "공유 리더십의 선행요인과그 효과성에 관한 연구," 기업경영연구, 제70권, pp.145-168, 2016.
  22. U. Ki Seong, "Effects of collective leadership on follower's work engagement," 경희대학교, 2017.
  23. J. L. Pierce, D. G. Gardner, L. L. Cummings, and R. B. Dunham, "Organization-based self-esteem: Construct definition, measurement, and validation," Academy of Management journal, Vol.32, No.3, pp.622-648, 1989. https://doi.org/10.2307/256437
  24. M. D. Mumford, T. L. Friedrich, W. B. Vessey, and G. A. Ruark, "Collective leadership: Thinking about issues vis‐a‐vis others," Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol.5, No.4, pp.408-411, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01469.x
  25. A. Edmondson, "Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams," Administrative science quarterly, Vol.44, No.2, pp.350-383, 1999. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
  26. M. J. Pearsall and A. P. Ellis, "Thick as thieves: The effects of ethical orientation and psychological safety on unethical team behavior," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.96, No.2, pp.401-411, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021503
  27. F. J. Yammarino, E. Salas, A. Serban, K. Shirreffs, and M. L. Shuffler, "Collectivistic leadership approaches: Putting the "we" in leadership science and practice," Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol.5, No.4, pp.382-402, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01467.x
  28. T. L. Friedrich, J. A. Griffith, and M. D. Mumford, "Collective leadership behaviors: Evaluating the leader, team network, and problem situation characteristics that influence their use," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.27, No.2, pp.312-333, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.02.004
  29. T. L. Friedrich, W. B. Vessey, M. J. Schuelke, M. D. Mumford, F. J. Yammarino, and G. A. Ruark, "Collectivistic leadership and George C. Marshall: A historiometric analysis of career events," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.25, No.3, pp.449-467, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.012
  30. T. M. Amabile, "A model of creativity and innovation in organizations," Research in organizational behavior, Vol.10, No.1, pp.123-167, 1988.
  31. T. M. Amabile, R. Conti, H. Coon, J. Lazenby, and M. Herron, "Assessing the work environment for creativity," Academy of management journal, Vol.39, No.5, pp.1154-1184, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/256995
  32. B. Kijkuit and J. Van Den Ende, "The organizational life of an idea: Integrating social network, creativity and decision‐making perspectives," Journal of Management Studies, Vol.44, No.6, pp.863-882, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00695.x
  33. R. J. Sternberg and T. I. Lubart, "The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms," Handbook of creativity, Vol.1, pp.3-15, 1999.
  34. 김정식, 차동옥, "리더의 참여적 의사결정이 조직구성원들의 창의적 행동과 성과에 미치는 영향," 인사조직연구, 제21권, 제3호, pp.331-370, 2013.
  35. S. G. Scott and R. A. Bruce, "Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace," Academy of management journal, Vol.37, No.3, pp.580-607, 1994. https://doi.org/10.2307/256701
  36. 권정언, "조직구성원의 창의적 성격이 창의적 행동에 미치는 영향," 한국 HRD 연구, 제9권, 제4호, pp.1-22, 2014.
  37. 은영신, 유태용, 서학삼, "주도적 성격과 창의적 행동 간의 관계," 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 제25권, 제3호, pp.607-632, 2012.
  38. 오승희, 권석균, "직무정서에 대한 변혁적 리더십의 영향과 조직효과성," 인적자원관리연구, 제23권, 제4호, pp.54-35, 2016.
  39. G. R. Oldham and A. Cummings, "Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work," Academy of management journal, Vol.39, No.3, pp.607-634, 1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/256657
  40. P. Schepers and P. T. Van den Berg, "Social factors of work-environment creativity," Journal of business and psychology, Vol.21, No.3, pp.407-428, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-006-9035-4
  41. 이덕로, 김태열, "직무특성이 개인창의성에 미치는 영향: 선행적 행동의 매개효과를 중심으로," 경영학연구, 제37권, 제3호, pp.443-475, 2008.
  42. S. J. Shin and J. Zhou, "Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea," Academy of management Journal, Vol.46, No.6, pp.703-714, 2003. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040662
  43. 송종영, 백기복, 최우재, "이슈리더십이 부하의 창의적 행동과 발언 행동에 미치는 영향*-관계동일시의 매개효과를 중심으로," 조직과 인사관리연구, 제40집, 제4권, pp.171-195, 2016.
  44. 성현정, 탁진국, "코칭리더십이 창의적 행동에 미치는 영향," 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 제30권, 제3호, pp.373-391, 2017.
  45. P. Blau, "Exchange and Power in Social Life," New York: John Wiley, 1964.
  46. E. Deci and R. Flaste, "Why we do what we do: understanding self-motivation," ed: New York: Penguin Google Scholar, 1996.
  47. X. Zhang and K. M. Bartol, "Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement," Academy of management journal, Vol.53, No.1, pp.107-128, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2010.48037118
  48. M. Baer, "Putting creativity to work: The implementation of creative ideas in organizations," Academy of Management Journal, Vol.55, No.5, pp.1102-1119, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0470
  49. V. Venkataramani, A. W. Richter, and R. Clarke, "Creative benefits from well-connected leaders: Leader social network ties as facilitators of employee radical creativity," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.99, No.5, pp.966-975, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037088
  50. U. R. Hulsheger, N. Anderson, and J. F. Salgado, "Team-level predictors of innovation at work: a comprehensive meta-analysis spanning three decades of research," Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.94, No.5, pp.1128-1145, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015978
  51. J. Zhou, "When the presence of creative coworkers is related to creativity: role of supervisor close monitoring, developmental feedback, and creative personality," Journal of applied psychology, Vol.88, No.3, pp.413-422, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.3.413
  52. J. Gu, Z. Chen, Q. Huang, H. Liu, and S. Huang, "A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship between Shared Leadership and Creativity in Inter‐organizational Teams," The Journal of Creative Behavior, 2016.
  53. C. Hooker and M. Csikszentmihalyi, "Flow, creativity, and shared leadership," Shared leadership: Reframing the hows and whys of leadership, pp.217-234, 2003.
  54. S. M. Norman, D. G. Gardner, and J. L. Pierce, "Leader roles, organization-based self-esteem, and employee outcomes," Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol.36, No.3, pp.253-270, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-06-2013-0072
  55. T. A. Judge, A. Erez, and J. E. Bono, "The power of being positive: The relation between positive self-concept and job performance," Human performance, Vol.11, No.2-3, pp.167-187, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.1998.9668030
  56. A. K. Korman, "Toward an hypothesis of work behavior," Journal of Applied psychology, Vol.54, No.11, pp.31-41, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028656
  57. S. Coopersmith, The antecedents of self-esteem, Consulting Psychologists Pr, 1967.
  58. 정민주, "항공사 객실승무원의 개인직무적합성과 개인조직적합성이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구," 관광레저연구, 제28권, 제5호, pp.239-259, 2016.
  59. 조윤형, "심리적 계약위반은 조직구성원들의 심리적 웰빙과 주관적 웰빙을 낮추는가?," 대한경영학회지, 제30권, 제2호, pp.303-323, 2017.
  60. 조윤형, 최우재, "개인-환경 적합성이 창의적 문제해결에 미치는 영향: 조직기반 자긍심의 매개효과를 중심으로," 기업경영연구 (구 동림경영연구), 제74권, pp.173-195, 2017.
  61. Z. Yang, H. Zhang, H. K. Kwan, and S. Chen, "Crossover effects of servant leadership and job social support on employee spouses: The mediating role of employee organization-based self-esteem," Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-10, 2015.
  62. E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan, Handbook of self-determination research, University Rochester Press, 2002.
  63. D. F. Elloy, "The influence of superleader behaviors on organization commitment, job satisfaction and organization self-esteem in a self-managed work team," Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol.26, No.2, pp.120-127, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510582554
  64. D. F. Elloy and A. Randolph, "The effect of superleader behavior on autonomous work groups in a government operated railway service," Public Personnel Management, Vol.26, No.2, pp.257-272, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102609702600207
  65. L. Wang, J. Huang, X. Chu, and X. Wang, "A multilevel study on antecedents of manager voice in Chinese context," Chinese Management Studies, Vol.4, No.3, pp.212-230, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506141011074110
  66. J. R. McColl-Kennedy and R. D. Anderson, "Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance," The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.13, No.5, pp.545-559, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00143-1
  67. R. P. Vecchio, "Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy," International Journal of Stress Management, Vol.7, No.3, pp.161-179, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009592430712
  68. S. Li and S. Liao, "Help Others and Yourself Eventually: Exploring the Relationship between Help-Giving and Employee Creativity under the Model of Perspective Taking," Frontiers in psychology, Vol.8, p.1030, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01030
  69. 정윤길, 이규만, "조직기반 자긍심의 영향요인과 혁신행동과의 관계," 사회과학연구, 제27집, 제4호, pp.321-342, 2011.
  70. 정회근, 심덕섭, 김민정, "상사의 윤리적 리더십이 부하의 직무성과 및 조직몰입, 조직시민행동에 미치는 영향," 대한경영학회지, 제26권, 제4호, pp.801-827, 2013.
  71. E. H. Schein and W. G. Bennis, Personal and organizational change through group methods: The laboratory approach. Wiley, 1965.
  72. W. A. Kahn, "Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work," Academy of management journal, Vol.33, No.4, pp.692-724, 1990. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
  73. Y. Zhang, Y. Fang, K. K. Wei, and H. Chen, "Exploring the role of psychological safety in promoting the intention to continue sharing knowledge in virtual communities," International Journal of Information Management, Vol.30, No.5, pp.425-436, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2010.02.003
  74. 최선규, 지성구, "상사의 행동특성이 구성원의 심리적 안전감, 침묵과 친사회적 발언행동에 미치는 영향," 조직과 인사관리연구, 제36집, 제4권, pp.99-123, 2012.
  75. V. Peltokorpi, "Transactive memory directories in small work units," Personnel review, Vol.33, No.4, pp.446-467, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480410539515
  76. E. Siemsen, A. V. Roth, S. Balasubramanian, and G. Anand, "The influence of psychological safety and confidence in knowledge on employee knowledge sharing," Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, Vol.11, No.3, pp.429-447, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.1080.0233
  77. N. Bienefeld and G. Grote, "Speaking up in ad hoc multiteam systems: Individual-level effects of psychological safety, status, and leadership within and across teams," European journal of work and organizational psychology, Vol.23, No.6, pp.930-945, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.808398
  78. A. N. Li and H. H. Tan, "What happens when you trust your supervisor? Mediators of individual performance in trust relationships," Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.34, No.3, pp.407-425, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1812
  79. A. Carmeli, R. Reiter-Palmon, and E. Ziv, "Inclusive leadership and employee involvement in creative tasks in the workplace: The mediating role of psychological safety," Creativity Research Journal, Vol.22, No.3, pp.250-260, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2010.504654
  80. R. Kark and A. Carmeli, "Alive and creating: The mediating role of vitality and aliveness in the relationship between psychological safety and creative work involvement," Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol.30, No.6, pp.785-804, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.571
  81. M. E. Palanski and G. R. Vogelgesang, "Virtuous creativity: The effects of leader behavioural integrity on follower creative thinking and risk taking," Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, Vol.28, No.3, pp.259-269, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.219
  82. C. Post, "Deep-level team composition and innovation: The mediating roles of psychological safety and cooperative learning," Group & Organization Management, Vol.37, No.5, pp.555-588, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601112456289
  83. Q. Gu, G. G. Wang, and L. Wang, "Social capital and innovation in R&D teams: the mediating roles of psychological safety and learning from mistakes," R&D Management, Vol.43, No.2, pp.89-102, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12002
  84. A. F. Hayes, Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press, 2013.
  85. 이형권, 매개분석․ 조절분석 및 조절된 매개분석, 신영사, 2015.
  86. 고병기, 리더-구성원 교환관계의 질이 심리적 주인의식에 미치는 영향, 세종대학교 대학원, 박사학위논문, 2017.
  87. J. M. George and J. Zhou, "When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: an interactional approach," Journal of applied psychology, Vol.86, No.3, pp.513-524, 2001. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.513
  88. 송종영, 이슈리더십과 구성원의 창의적행동 및 발언행동 간의 관계검증, 국민대학교 대학원, 박사학위논문, 2016.
  89. 윤선영, 권석균, "발언과 침묵," 인사조직연구, 제 23권, 제3호, pp.43-71, 2015.
  90. D. Watson, L. A. Clark, and A. Tellegen, "Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales," Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol.54, No.6, pp.1063-1070, 1988. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
  91. Z. X. Chen and S. Aryee, "Delegation and employee work outcomes: An examination of the cultural context of mediating processes in China," Academy of Management Journal, Vol.50, No.1, pp.226-238, 2007. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2007.24162389
  92. H. Ibarra, "Network centrality, power, and innovation involvement: Determinants of technical and administrative roles," Academy of Management journal, Vol.36, No.3, pp.471-501, 1993. https://doi.org/10.2307/256589
  93. P. Tierney, S. M. Farmer, and G. B. Graen, "An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationships," Personnel psychology, Vol.52, No.3, pp.591-620, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1999.tb00173.x
  94. 박원우, 김미숙, 정상명, 허규만, "동일방법편의 (Common Method Bias) 의 원인과 해결방안," 인사조직연구, 제15권, 제1호, pp.89-133, 2007.
  95. H. H. Harman, Modern factor analysis, University of Chicago Press, 1976.
  96. P. M. Podsakoff and D. W. Organ, "Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects," Journal of management, Vol.12, No.4, pp.531-544, 1986. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
  97. J. C. Nunnally, Psychometric theory, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
  98. Y. Gong, J. C. Huang, and J. L. Farh, "Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy," Academy of management Journal, Vol.52, No.4, pp.765-778, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.43670890
  99. G. A. Yukl, Leadership in organizations, Pearson Education India, 1981.
  100. J. M. Howell and K. Boies, "Champions of technological innovation: The influence of contextual knowledge, role orientation, idea generation, and idea promotion on champion emergence," The leadership quarterly, Vol.15, No.1, pp.123-143, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2003.12.008