Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship (벤처창업연구)

The Korean Society of Business Venturing (한국벤처창업학회)
권호 표지

The Impact of Self-efficacy on Job Engagement and Job Performance of SMEs' Members: SEM-ANN Analysis

중소기업 조직구성원의 자기효능감이 직무열의와 직무성과에 미치는 영향: 구조모형분석-인공신경망 분석의 적용

  • Received : 2018.10.19
  • Accepted : 2018.12.07
  • Published : 2018.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of self-efficacy of SMEs' organization members on job engagement and job performance, and to analyze the difference between gender and marital status by applying SEM-ANN analysis. To accomplish the study purpose, 285 valid samples were collected from 400 SMEs' organization members and analyzed. In this study, self - efficacy consisted of three sub-dimensions: self-confidence, self-regulation efficacy, and task difficulty preference. As a result of the analysis, self - efficacy such as self-confidence, self-regulation efficacy, and task difficulty preference had a positive direct effect on job engagement. In addition, self-efficacy and self-control efficacy have a positive effect on job performance, but the preference of task difficulty has no significant effect. In addition, job engagement has a positive(+) effect on job performance, and has a mediating role in the relationship between self-efficacy and job performance. Also, married males preferred self-regulation efficacy, while females preferred self-regulation and self-control efficacy regardless of marital status. The purpose of this study is to present the framework of self-efficacy-job engagement-job performance of SMEs by measuring the self-efficacy related researches mainly in education and service industries, and is meaningful that companies can help to find the basis of management of organization members by gender and marital status of organization members. In addition, the SEM-ANN analysis process of this study is different in that it explains the nonlinear (nonobservative) relationship that can analyze the influence or the combination of the reference variables in the linear (compensatory) relation using the SEM.

본 연구의 목적은 중소기업 조직구성원의 자기효능감이 직무열의와 직무성과에 미치는 영향을 연구하고 SEM-ANN (Structural Equation Modeling-Artificial Neural Network) 분석을 적용하여 성별 (Ggender)과 결혼 여부의 변수에 따른 차이를 분석하기 위한 것이다. 연구목적의 달성을 위하여 400명의 중소기업 조직구성원들로부터 자료를 수집하여 285명의 유효표본이 분석에 이용되었다. 본 연구에서 자기효능감은 자신감, 자기조절효능감, 그리고 과제난이도 선호의 세 가지 하위차원으로 구성되었다. 분석 결과, 자신감, 자기조절효능감, 그리고 과제난이도 선호 등의 자기효능감은 직무열의에 직접적으로 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 자기효능감 중 자신감과 자기조절효능감은 직무성과에 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치나, 과제난이도 선호는 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 직무열의는 직무성과에 정(+)의 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 자기효능감과 직무성과 간의 관계에서 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 미혼 남성은 과제난이도 선호, 기혼 남성은 자기조절효능감을 가장 중요시하나, 여성은 결혼 여부에 관계없이 자신감과 자기조절효능감을 중시하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 주로 교육 및 서비스업종 등에서 이루어지고 있는 자기효능감 관련 연구를 다차원으로 측정하여, 중소기업 구성원들을 대상으로 하여 자기효능감-직무열의-직무성과 간의 프레임워크를 제시하고, 기업들이 조직구성원의 성별, 결혼 여부에 따른 조직구성원 관리의 근거를 찾는데 도움을 줄 수 있다는데 의의가 있다. 또한, 본 연구의 SEM-ANN 분석 과정은 지금까지 SEM을 이용한 선형적(보상적) 관계에서 영향 또는 기준 변수들의 조합을 분석할 수 있는 비선형적 (비보상적) 관계를 설명한다는 점에서 차별성이 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. Bakker, A. B.(2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534
  2. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E.(2007). The job demands resources model: State of the art, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
  3. Bandura, A.(1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change, Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  4. Bandura, A.(1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Englewood Cliffs, Nj: Prentice Hall.
  5. Bandura, A.(1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning, Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3
  6. Bandura, A.(1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control, New York: Freeman.
  7. Bandura, A.(2006). Toward a psychology of human agency, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 164-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00011.x
  8. Bandura, A. & Adams, N. E. (1977). Analysis of self-efficacy theory of behavioral change, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 1(4), 287-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01663995
  9. Bandura, A., & Wood, R.(1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 805-814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.805
  10. Brown, T. J., Mowen, J. C., Donavan, D. T., & Licata, J. W.(2002). The customer orientation of service workers: Personality trait effects on self-and supervisor performance ratings, Journal of Marketing Research, 39(1), 10-119.
  11. Byun, Y. G., & Lee, J. Y.(2014). Labor market indicators and flexible stability ratio in developed countries and Korea(Policy Research 2014-15), Seoul, Korea Economic Research Institute.
  12. Carter, W. R., Nesbit, P. L., Badham, R. J., Parker, S. K., & Sung, L. K.(2016). The effects of employee engagement and self-efficacy on job performance: A longitudinal field study, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Doi:10.1080/09585192.2016.1244096.
  13. Chalofsky, N., & Krishna, V.(2009). Meaningfulness, commitment, and engagement: The intersection of a deeper level of intrinsic motivation, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 11(2), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422309333147
  14. Chin, W. W.(1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling, Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336.
  15. Cho, S. Y., & Koo, H. A.(2005). A job stress and self-efficacy of child care teachers, Korean Journal of Child Studies, 26(4), 55-70
  16. Cohen, J.(1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd Ed., NJ: Erlbaum.
  17. Choi, J. S., & Sung, S. H.(2017). A study on the effect of employees' work engagement of social enterprise on organizational performance, Logos Management Review, 15(1), 23-44.
  18. Choi, M., & Song, H.(2017). The mediated mediation effects of workplace locus of control and job engagement in the relationship between empowering leadership and job performance, Journal of Competency Development & Learning, 12(3), 29-63.
  19. Eddleston, K. K., & Powell, G. N.(2008). The role of gender identity in explaining sex differences in business owners' career satisfier preferences, Journal of Business Venturing, 23(2), 244-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.11.002
  20. Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B.(1992). A Primer for Soft Modeling, University of Akron Press.
  21. Forbes, D. P.(2005). Are some entrepreneurs more overconfident than others?, Journal of Business Venturing, 20(5), 623-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.05.001
  22. Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R.(1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability, Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183-211. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1992.4279530
  23. Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M.(2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling(PLS-SEM), Sage Publications.
  24. Han, S. H., Lee, Y. K., & Lee, J. G.(2018). Effects of organizational justice on emotions, job satisfaction, and turnover intention in franchise industry, Korean Journal of Franchise Management, 9(2), 7-16.
  25. Hong, H. K., Chung, K. Y., & Kim, W. H.(2012). Effects of self-efficacy on job embeddedness, innovation behaviors, and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating effect worked mainly in the form, Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 12(5), 415-430. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2012.12.05.415
  26. Im, J. H., & Lee, J. H.(2017). The relationship between transformational leadership and self-efficacy and organizational performance: Focus on the mediating effects of entrepreneurship, Journal of the Korean Entrepreneurship Society, 12(2), 278-303. https://doi.org/10.24878/tkes.2017.12.2.278
  27. Inceoglu, I., & Fleck, S.(2010). Engagement as a motivational construct, In S. L. Albrecht(Ed.), Handbook of Employee Engagement, Perspectives, Issues, Research and Practice, Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 74-76.
  28. Jin, D. C., & Son, E. J.(2015). The effect of counselor's job autonomy and opportunity for professional development on job engagement: The mediating roles of calling and self-efficacy, Korean Journal of Counseling, 16(4), 177-193.
  29. Kahn, W. A.(1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work, Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692-724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
  30. Kang, T. W., & Yang, H. K.(2016). The impact of coffee shop franchise CEO leadership on innovation performance: Mediating role of organizational trust, Korean Journal of Franchise Management, 7(2), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.21871/KJFM.2016.12.7.2.37.
  31. Kim, A. Y., & Park, I. Y.(2001). Construction and validation of academic self-efficacy scale, Journal of Educational Research, 39(1), 95-123.
  32. Korean Federation of SMEs(2017). Status of SMEs in 2017.
  33. Kwon, H. G.(2012). The effects of transformation leadership and transactional leadership on organizational performance: Moderating roles of self-efficacy and job satisfaction, Management & Information Systems Review, 31(2), 1-20.
  34. Lee, In. S.(2015). A study on the effect of hotel employees'working environment on the job engagement on job performance, International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 29(6), 233-245.
  35. Lee, J. S., Lee, C. G., & Yoo, W. J.(2012). The influence of the thermal power plant workers' job demands on job engagement & job burnout-Focusing on the mediating effect of self-efficacy & collective-efficacy, Journal of Human Resource Management Research, 19(1), 27-45.
  36. Lee, J. W., Kim, T. W., Lee, M. J., & Lee, S. H.(2018). Generation Y's delivery apps choice attributes and their consequences, Korean Journal of Franchise Management, 9(1), 27-39. https://doi.org/10.21871/KJFM.2018.03.9.1.27
  37. Lee, Y. K., Kim, S., & Kim, S. Y.(2014). The impact of internal branding on employee engagement and outcome variables in the hotel industry, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(12), 1359-1380. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.863790
  38. Lee, Y. K., Kim, S., Son, M. H., & Lee, D. J.(2011). Do emotions play a mediating role in the relationship between owner leadership styles and manager customer orientation, and performance in service environment?, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 942-952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.02.002
  39. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P.(1990). Work motivation and satisfaction: Light at the end of the tunnel, Psychological Science, 4(1), 240-246.
  40. Luthans, F., & Peterson, S.(2002). Employee engagement and manager self-efficacy, Journal of Management Development, 21(5), 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710210426864.
  41. Ouweneel, E., Le Blanc, P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B.(2011). Flourishing students: A longitudinal study on positive emotions, personal resources, and study engagement, Journal of Positive Psychology, 6(2), 142-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2011.558847
  42. Park, E. A., Kim, E. J., Jeon, S. K., & Lee, Y. K.(2016). The effect of customer experiential value on action flow, performance satisfaction, and loyalty in performing arts market, Journal of Culture Industry, 16(4), 133-145.
  43. Park, C. W.(2016). A study on the effect of entrepreneurship and self-Efficacy on knowledge management: Focusing on female CEO, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 11(6), 11-26. https://doi.org/10.16972/apjbve.11.6.201612.11
  44. Peterson, T. O., & Arnn, R. B.(2005). Self efficacy: The foundation of human performance, Performance Improvement Quarterly, 18(2), 5-18.
  45. Pincus, J . D.(1986). Communication satisfaction, job satisfaction and job performance, Human Communication Research, 12(3), 395-419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1986.tb00084.x
  46. Pintrich(2000). An achievement goal theory perspective on issues in motivation terminology, theory, and research, Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 92-104. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1017
  47. Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S.(2001). Affective commitment to the organization: The contribution of perceived organizational support, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 825-836. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.825
  48. Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R.(2010). job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance, Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.51468988
  49. Rothbard, N. P.(2001). Enriching or Depleting? The dynamic of engagement in work and family roles, Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(4), 655-684. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094827
  50. Saks, A. M.(2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
  51. Sampaio, A. R., Thomas, R., & Font, X.(2012). Why are some engaged and not others? Explaining environmental engagement among small firms in tourism, International Journal of Tourism Research, 14(3), 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.849
  52. Schunk, D. H.(1991). Self-efficacy and academic motivation, Educational Psychologist, 26(3-4),207-231. 10.1080/00461520.1991.9653133.
  53. Scott, J. E., & Walczak, S.(2009). Cognitive engagement with a multimedia ERP training tool: Assessing computer self-efficacy and technology acceptance, Information & Management, 46(4), 221-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.10.003
  54. Sherer, M. Maddux, J. E., Mercadante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W.(1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation, Psychological Reports, 51(2), 663-671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
  55. Simone, S. D., Planta, A., & Cicotto, G.(2018). The role of job satisfaction, work engagement, self-efficacy and agentic capacities on nurses' turnover intention and patient satisfaction, Applied Nursing Research, 39(2), 130-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.11.004
  56. Song, J. H., Chai, D. S., Kim, J. H., & Bae, S. H.(2018). Job performance in the learning organization: The mediating impacts of self-efficacy and work engagement, Performance Improvement Quarterly, 30(4), 249-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/piq.21251
  57. Starbuck, W. H.(1965). Organizational growth and development. In J. G. March(Ed.), Handbook of Organizations(pp. 451-533). Chicago: Rand McNally & Company.
  58. Tenenhaus, M., Vinzi, V. E., Chatelin, Y. M., & Lauro, C.(2005). PLS path modeling, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 48(1), 159-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2004.03.005
  59. Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A.(1998). Helping and Voice Extra-Role Behaviors: Evidence of Construct and Predictive Validity, The Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108-119. https://doi.org/10.5465/256902
  60. Vinzi, V. E., Trinchera, L., & Amato, S.(2010). PLS path modeling: From foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and improvement, Handbook of Partial Least Squares, Springer Berlinheidelberg, 47-82.
  61. Wetzels, De Ruyter., & Bloemer.(2000). Antecedents and consequences of role stress of retail sales persons, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 7(2), 65-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(99)00011-9
  62. Wilson, F., Kickul, J., & Marlino, D.(2007). Gender, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial career intentions: Implications for entrepreneurship education, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 387-406. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00179.x
  63. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B.(2007), The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model, International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121-141. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
  64. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B.(2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003
  65. Yoo, E, H., & Ha, K. S.(2015). The effect of company characteristics and individual characteristics perceived by employees of small businesses on job satisfaction: Focusing on intermediary role of company innovation, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 1-12.
  66. Yoo, M. L., Kim, Y. S., & Bae, J. S.(2011). High-commitment human resource management and performance in SMEs: The role of trust-in-management and CEO's entrepreneurship, Korea Journal of Management, 19(4), 1-54.