Journal of Digital Contents Society (디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지)

Digital Contents Society (한국디지털콘텐츠학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Media Use during the Sewol Ferry Disaster and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

미디어 이용과 외상 후 스트레스 장애(PTSD): 세월호 사건을 중심으로

  • Park, Nohil (Department of Health & Strategic Communication, CHA University) ;
  • Chang, Seok-Hwan (Department of Art Therapy & Counseling Psychology, CHA University) ;
  • Jeong, JiYeon (School of Advertising & Public Relations, Hongik University)
  • 박노일 (차의과학대학교 의료홍보미디어학과) ;
  • 장석환 (차의과학대학교 미술치료상담심리학과) ;
  • 정지연 (홍익대학교 광고홍보학부)
  • Received : 2018.03.29
  • Accepted : 2018.04.27
  • Published : 2018.04.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The accident of Sewol Ferry is a disaster that provoked serious mental shock to the Korean people way beyond the level of generally-perceived catastrophic aftermaths. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between vicarious disaster experiences through media and post-traumatic stress(PTSD) symptoms of media users related to the accident. The responses of 417 people consisted of college, middle and high school students, and adults in a metropolitan area were collected for 12 days from the April 28, 2014 right after the accident. The results showed that the level of PTSD of social media users were higher than that of traditional media (newspapers or TV news) users on the accident. Also, the amount of use of disaster news information and social media revealed positive correlations with PTSD. Implications of this study are to demonstrate possible mechanisms of psychological trauma mediated by media on a disaster and its empirical data and to facilitate further research.

세월호 사건은 재난의 일반적인 피해 수준을 넘어 온 국민들에게 정신적 충격을 준 참사이다. 이 연구는 세월호 사건과 관련한 미디어 이용으로 대리된(vicarious) 재난 경험과 이용자의 외상 후 스트레스 장애(post-traumatic stress disorder: PTSD) 간의 연관성을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 세월호 사건 발생 직후인 2014년 4월 28일부터 12일 동안 수도권 소재 종합대학과 중고등학교 학생 417명을 대상으로 수집한 답변 자료를 분석한 결과, 세월호 사태 기간 중에 주요 재난 사건 뉴스정보를 접하는 채널이 소셜 미디어인 경우 신문이나 TV방송보다 더 높은 수준의 외상을 나타냈다. 또한 재난 사건 뉴스정보와 소셜 미디어 이용량이 많을수록 PTSD와 정적인 인과관계를 나타냈다. 본 연구 결과는 재난 사건에 대한 미디어 매개 심리적 외상 문제의 작동기제와 경험적 결과를 제시하며 후속 연구를 촉발한다는 데 의의가 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. E. H. Park. Korean society reflected on the 10th day of the Sewol ferry disaster [Internet]. Available: http://weekly.khan.co.kr
  2. S.-Y. Jung, "Can the disastrous results of media coverage on Sewol Ferry disaster be restored?: A theoretical exploration for paradigm shift of Journalism norms," Communication Theories, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 56-103, June 2015.
  3. Y. Lim, "A study on the coverage behavior of television news on the Sewol Ferry catastrophe." Journal of Social Science, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp 179-201, October 2014. https://doi.org/10.16881/jss.2014.10.25.4.179
  4. W. Lee and J. Bae, "Asymmetric bias of the Ferry Sewol accident news frame: Discriminatory aspects and interpretive of media," Korean Journal of Communication & Information, Vol. 71, pp. 274-298, June 2015.
  5. S. Song, "A study of sourcing patterns in the news coverage of the Ferry Sewol Disaster." Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 34-62, 2016. https://doi.org/10.20879/kjjcs.2016.60.5.002
  6. C.-S. Kwak, "An evaluation of the media outlets for disaster broadcasting in the Sewol disaster," KABS 2014 Summer Congress, Jeju National University, June 2014.
  7. S. Lee and G. Song, "Intermedia agenda-setting between social media and broadcasting news: Focusing on Sewol-ho disaster related news," Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, Vol. 58, No. 6, pp. 7-39, 2014.
  8. C.-H. Lee, "Problems and measures to improve SNS communication through the sinking of the Sewol ferry," The Korea Communications Association(KISM) 2014 Spring Congress, Seoul: Kyung Hee University, May 2015.
  9. J. K, Pae, E. H. Ha, and M. Lee, "Experiencing the Traumatic Event of Sewol Ferry for Journalists," Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, Vol. 58, No. 5, pp. 417-445, October 2014.
  10. M. Lee, E. H. Ha, and J. K, Pae, "Psychological trauma of journalists covering the Sewol Ferry sinking: Continuation of symptoms and the risk factors," Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, Vol. 59, No. 5, pp. 7-31, October 2015.
  11. S. H. Sohn, "Study of indirect trauma and related variables by social traumatic event to the adolescence: Focusing on the Sewol Ferry Disaster," Korean Journal of Youth Studies, Vol. 21, No. 10, pp. 269-294, October 2014.
  12. H. P. Lee, Y. K. Choi, J. H. Lee, and H. S. Lee, "The psychological consequences of indirect trauma exposure through the news on the Sewol ferry disaster," The Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issues, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 411-430, August 2016. https://doi.org/10.20406/kjcs.2016.08.22.3.411
  13. J. Ahern, et al., "Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks," Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 289-300. February 2002. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240
  14. J. Ahern, S. Galea, and D. Vlahov, "Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11," The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 192, No. 3, pp. 217-226. March 2004. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000116465.99830.ca
  15. J. Jarolmen, and H. Sisco, "Media effects on post-traumatic stress disorder and the world trade center tragedy," Best Practices in Mental Health, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 133-140, July 2005.
  16. K, Park, "A technical approach to post-traumatic stress disorder of the Sewol Ferry victims' parents," International Journal of contents, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 134-145, September 2015.
  17. D. W. Black, and J. E. Grant, DSM-5(R) Guidebook: The essential companion to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, 2014.
  18. W. T. Coombs, Ongoing crisis communication. Planing, managing, and responding, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2011.
  19. R. C. Silver, et al., "Mental- and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq War," Psychological Science, Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 1623-1634, August 2013. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612460406
  20. K. O. Nader DSW, et al., "A preliminary study of PTSD and grief among the children of Kuwait following the Gulf crisis," British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 407-416. November, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01075.x
  21. B. Pfefferbaum, et al., "Media exposure in children one hundred miles from a terrorist bombing," Annual Clinical Psychiatry, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-8. March 2003. https://doi.org/10.3109/10401230309085664
  22. K. T. Bernstein, et al., "Television watching and the risk of incident probable posttraumatic stress disorder," The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 195, No. 1, pp. 41-47, January 2007. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000244784.36745.a5
  23. V. Deroma, et al., "College students' PTSD symptoms, coping, and perceived benefits following media exposure to 9/11," Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 49-64, October 2008. https://doi.org/10.1300/J035v18n01_05
  24. E. A. Holman, D. R. Garfin, and R. C. Silver, "Media's role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings," in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 111, No. 1, pp. 93-98, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1316265110
  25. R. Yehuda, "Post-traumatic stress disorder," The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 346, No. 2, pp. 108-114, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra012941
  26. S. Mineka, and R. Zinbarg, "A contemporary learning theory perspective on the etiology of anxiety disorders: It's not what you thought it was," American Psychologist, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 10-26, January 2006. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.1.10
  27. J. D. Kinzie, J. K. Boehnlein, C. Riley, and L. Sparr, "The effects of Sepember 11 on traumatized refugees: Reactivation of posttramatic stress disorder," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 190, No. 7, pp. 437-441, July 2002. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200207000-00003
  28. V. Galloro, "An emotional time: Counselors say most will recover, caution their profession," Modern Healthcare, Vol. 31, No. 39, pp. 10, 2001.
  29. N. Park,. "A study on the blog users' newsmedia credibility: Focusing on comparing blogs with traditional newsmedia and the factors affecting blog credibility," Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 422-439, 2008.
  30. S.-K. Kim, and E.-K. Choi, "A study on the agenda rank-order correlation between twitter and portal news about Sewol Ferry catastrophe,", Journal of Internet Computing and Services, Vol.6, No.3, pp 105-116, June 2015.
  31. N. Park, JY. Jeong, J. Lee, "Why do twitter users participate in the process of self-purification of twittersphere?: Twitter users' socio-demographics, tweeting behaviors, and motivations for retweeting," Journal of Media Economics & Culture, Vol. 10. No. 3 pp. 89-128. August 2012.
  32. A. J. Flanagin, and M. J. Metzger, "Perceptions of Internet information credibility," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 515-540, September, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900007700304
  33. J. B. Houston, "Media coverage of terrorism: A meta-analytic assessment of media use and posttraumatic stress," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 844-861, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600408
  34. M. Lantz, and E. Buchalter, "Post-traumatic stress disorder: Stress in old age," Geratrics, Vol. 56, No. 12, pp. 35-40, 2001.
  35. K. C. Collimore, R. E. Mccabe, R. N. Carleton, and G. J. G. Asmundson, "Media exposure and dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Differential associations with PTSD symptom clusters," Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 1021-1028. August 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.11.002
  36. D. S. Busso, K. A. McLaughlin, and M. A. Sheridan, "Media exposure and sympathetic nervous system reactivity predict PTSD symptoms after the Boston marathon bombings," Depression and Anxiety, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 551-558, July 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22282
  37. T. E. Galovski, et al., "Gender differences in the clinical presentation of PTSD and its concomitants in survivors of interpersonal assault," Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 789-806, May 2010. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510365865
  38. L. Hourani, J. Williams, R. Bray, and D. Kandel, "Gender differences in the expression of PTSD symptoms among active duty military personnel," Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Vol. 29, pp. 101-108, January 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.11.007
  39. B. L. Green, et al, "Children of disaster in the second decade: A 17-year follow-up of Buffalo creek survivors," Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 71-79, February 1994. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199401000-00011
  40. Wikipedia. Sewol Ferry sinking [Internet]. Available: ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewol_Ferry_sinking.

Cited by

  1. Development and Evaluation of a Screening Scale for Indirect Trauma Caused by Media Exposure to Social Disasters vol.18, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020698