A Study on the Reproducibility of 3D Shape Model of Garden Cultural Heritage using Photogrammetry with SNS Photographs - Focused on Soswaewon Garden, Damyang(Scenic Site No.40) -

SNS 사진과 사진측량을 이용한 정원유산의 3차원 형상 재현 가능성 연구 - 명승 제40호 담양 소쇄원(潭陽 瀟灑園)을 대상으로 -

Abstract

This study examined photogrammetric reconstruction techniques that can measure the original form of a cultural property utilizing photographs taken in the past. During the research process, photographs taken in the past as well as photograph on the internet of Soswaewon Garden in Damyang(scenic site 40) were collected and utilized. The landscaping structures of Maedae, Aiyangdan, Ogokmun Wall, and Yakjak and natural scenery Gwangseok, of which photographs can be taken from any 360 degree direction from a close distance or a far distance without any barriers in the way, were selected and tested for the possibility of reproducing three-dimensional shapes. The photography method of 151 landscape photographs (58.6%) from internet portal sites for the aforementioned five landscape subjects containing information on the date the photograph was taken, focal length, and exposure were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the majority of the photographs tend to focus on important parts of each subject. In addition, we discovered that there are two or three photography methods that internet users preferred in regards to each landscape subject. For the purposes of the experiment, photographs in which a single scene consistently appears for each landscape subject and it was determined that there was a high level of preference related to the photography method were analyzed, and three-dimensional mesh shape model was produced with a photoscan program to analyze the reproducibility of three-dimensional shapes. Based on the results of the reproduction, it was relatively possible to reproduce three-dimensional shapes for artifacts such as Ogukmun wall, Maedae, and Aeyangdan, but it was impossible to reproduce three-dimensional images for natural scenery or an object that has similar texture such as Yakjak and Gwangseok. As a result of experimentation related to the reconstruction of three-dimensional shapes with the photographs taken on site using a photography method similar to that of the photographs selected as previously mentioned, there was success related to reproducing the three-dimensional shapes of Yakjak and Gwangseok, of which it was not possible to do so through the photographs that had been collected previously. In addition, through comparison of past and present images, it was possible to measure the exact sizes as well as discover any changes that have taken place. If past photographs taken by tourists or landscape architects of cultural properties can be obtained, the three-dimensional shapes from a particular period of time can be reproduced. If this technology becomes widespread, it will increase the level of accuracy and reliability in regards to measuring the past shapes of cultural landscape properties and examining any changes to the properties.

본 연구는 사진측량 기술을 과거의 촬영된 사진들에 활용하여 정원유산의 원형 재현 가능성을 검토하였다. 인공물과 자연물이 혼재되어 입체 형상 재현 가능성 검토에 적합한 담양 소쇄원(명승 제40호)을 연구 대상으로 하였다. 소쇄원에서 근거리와 원거리의 $360^{\circ}$ 전방향에서 장애물이 없어 촬영이 가능한 조경시설물인 매대(梅臺), 애양단(愛陽壇), 오곡문(五曲門) 담장, 약작(略?)과 자연경물인 광석(廣石) 5개 조경요소를 선정하였다. 인터넷 포털에서 5개 조경요소에 대해 촬영날짜, 초점길이, 노출 등의 정보가 포함된 151장의 사진을 수집하여 촬영구도를 분석하였다. 수집된 사진들은 요소별로 특정한 구도에서 집중적으로 촬영되는 경향을 발견하였다. 또한 조경요소별로 이용자들이 선호하는 2~3개의 촬영구도가 있음을 발견하였다. 조경요소별로 빈도가 높은 촬영구도 1개를 선정하고 그 구도에서 촬영된 사진들을 이용하여 포토스캔(Photoscan) 프로그램으로 3D 메쉬 모델을 제작하여 입체 형상의 재현 가능성을 분석하였다. 제작결과 오곡문 담장, 매대, 애양단과 같은 인공물은 비교적 입체 형상의 재현이 가능하였으나, 질감이 동일하거나 자연 경물인 약작과 광석은 입체 형상의 재현이 불가능했다. 선정된 촬영구도와 유사하게 현장에서 촬영한 사진으로 입체 형상의 재현을 실험한 결과 수집사진에서 불가능했던 약작과 광석에서 3D 메쉬 모델이 제작되었다. 또한 과거와 현재의 형상 비교를 통해 정확한 크기를 측정할 수 있고 변화를 발견할 수 있었다. 문화재의 관람객이나 조경가 등에 의해 촬영된 과거의 사진들을 확보하게 된다면 그 당시에 입체 형상을 재현할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 이러한 기술이 확산된다면 정원유산의 과거 형상을 추정하고 변화를 고찰하는데 정확성과 신뢰성을 높일 것이다.

Figure 1. Flow of Study

Figure 2. Process for the Representation of 3D Shape Using Photography

Figure 3. Average Resolution of Collected Photos

Figure 4. Shooting Points

Figure 5. Composition and Scene of Photos

Figure 6. Results of 3D Meshing

Figure 7. 3D Model and Collected Photos

Figure 8. 3D Mesh with Collected Photos

Figure 9. Drawings Using 3D Mesh Models

Table 1. Key Words for Searching 5 Landscape Elements and the Quantities of Images Collected

Table 2. Collected Photographs by Composition and Compositions Selected for Reproduction Experiment

Table 3. 3D Mesh Modeling Results