Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
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Variability of the PM10 Concentration in the Urban Atmosphere of Sabah and Its Responses to Diurnal and Weekly Changes of CO, NO2, SO2 and Ozone

  • Wui, Jackson CHANG Hian (Preparatory Center for Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah) ;
  • Pien, CHEE Fuei (Energy, Vibration and Sound Research Group (e-VIBS), Faculty Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah) ;
  • Kai, Steven KONG Soon (Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University) ;
  • SENTIAN, Justin (Climate Change Research Group (CCRG), Faculty Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah)
  • Received : 2017.11.30
  • Accepted : 2018.02.04
  • Published : 2018.06.30
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Abstract

This paper presents seasonal variation of $PM_{10}$ over five urban sites in Sabah, Malaysia for the period of January through December 2012. The variability of $PM_{10}$ along with the diurnal and weekly cycles of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and $O_3$ at Kota Kinabalu site were also discussed to investigate the possible sources for increased $PM_{10}$ concentration at the site. This work is crucial to understand the behaviour and possible sources of $PM_{10}$ in the urban atmosphere of Sabah region. In Malaysia, many air pollution studies in the past focused in west Peninsular, but very few local studies were dedicated for Sabah region. This work aims to fill the gap by presenting the descriptive statistics on the variability of $PM_{10}$ concentration in the urban atmosphere of Sabah. To further examine its diurnal and weekly cycle pattern, its responses towards the variations of CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and ozone were also investigated. The highest mean value of $PM_{10}$ for the whole study period is seen from Tawau ($35.7{\pm}17.8{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$), while the lowest is from Keningau ($31.9{\pm}18.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$). The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ in all cities exhibited seasonal variations with the peak values occurred during the south-west monsoons. The $PM_{10}$ data consistently exhibited strong correlations with traffic related gaseous pollutants ($NO_2$, and CO), except for $SO_2$ and $O_3$. The analysis of diurnal cycles of $PM_{10}$ levels indicated that two peaks were associated during the morning and evening rush hours. The bimodal distribution of $PM_{10}$, CO, and $NO_2$ in the front and at the back of ozone peak is a representation of urban air pollution pattern. In the weekly cycle, higher $PM_{10}$, CO, and $NO_2$ concentrations were observed during the weekday when compared to weekend. The characteristics of $NO_2$ concentration rationed to CO and $SO_2$ suggests that mobile sources is the dominant factor for the air pollution in Kota Kinabalu; particularly during weekdays.

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