한국조경학회지 (Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture)

  • 제46권3호
  • /
  • Pages.36-45
  • /
  • 2018
  • /
  • 1225-1755(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-9566(eISSN)
한국조경학회 (The Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

시애틀 공동묘지의 공간적 구조와 역사적 변화 양상

Spatial Structure and Historical Change of Cemeteries in Seattle, USA

  • 김충호 (서울시립대학교 도시공학과)
  • Kim, Chung Ho (Dept. of Urban Planning and Design, University of Seoul)
  • 투고 : 2018.01.03
  • 심사 : 2018.05.23
  • 발행 : 2018.06.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

미국의 공동묘지는 망자의 공간임에도 불구하고, 도시 내 주거지 인근에서 빈번하게 볼 수 있다. 하지만, 이것이 도시화의 과정 속에서 언제 그리고 어떻게 형성되었는지에 대해서는 명확하게 다루어지지 않았었다. 이에, 본 연구는 도시화에 따른 시애틀 공동묘지의 공간적 구조와 역사적 변화 양상을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 구체적으로, 본 연구는 고문헌 및 고지도를 활용한 역사 분석을 통하여 시애틀 공동묘지의 초기 형성기를 규명하였고, GIS를 활용한 군집 분석을 통해 시애틀 공동묘지의 현재 위치를 도시 공간적으로 분석하였다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 역사 분석과 군집 분석의 통합연구방법을 통해 다음의 결론에 도달하였다. 시애틀 도심의 초기 공동묘지들은 도심 형성 과정의 부산물이었지만, 교외지역의 공동묘지들은 도심 성장과 근린 개발보다 시간적으로 선행하여 이루어지게 되었다. 또한, 시애틀의 공동묘지들은 시애틀의 쇼핑센터들과 유사한 입지 패턴을 보였으며, 시애틀의 인구 분포와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 결과적으로, 시애틀의 도시 공동묘지는 원래 농촌 지역에 위치하였으나, 이후 미국의 농촌 공동묘지의 경관을 유지하면서, 도시 지역에 위치하게 되었음을 알 수 있었다.

Cemeteries in the United States are frequently observed near residential areas in cities even though they are spaces for the dead. However, it has not been fully studied when and how cemeteries were formed in the process of urbanization. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the spatial structure and historical change of cemeteries in Seattle due to urbanization, focusing on the contextual relationship between cemeteries and the surroundings according to two time periods: the early formation period of cemeteries in Seattle and the current period. For this, a mixed method was taken in this paper that combined historical analysis based on old references and historic maps with cluster analysis using GIS. In conclusion, the research found that early cemeteries of Seattle in downtown areas were introduced as by-products of urban formation, but the cemeteries in the suburbs were established ahead of urban growth and neighborhood development. In addition, Seattle's cemeteries not only showed a similar locational pattern to Seattle's shopping centers, but also were positively associated with population distribution given the Hot Spot Analysis. In other words, Seattle's cemeteries were originally located in rural areas, but later came to be located in urban areas, sustaining the landscape of American rural cemeteries.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Basmajian, C. and C. Coutts (2010) Planning for the disposal of the dead. Journal of the American Planning Association 76(3): 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003791913
  2. Bass, S. F. (1974) When Seattle Was A Village. Seattle: Lowman & Hanford Co.
  3. Beatty, F. (2002) Comet Lodge Cemetery. Seattle: Cleveland High School.
  4. Burt, J. and G. M. Barber (1996) Elementary Statistics for Geographers. New York: Guilford Press.
  5. Carle, N. A. and E. F. Chase (1938) "Original Incorporatiaion & Annexation, City of Seattle." Sanitary Survey W.P.A. Project. City of Seattle: Seattle, WA. Available from the Seattle Municipal Archives at https://www.seattle.gov/Images/CityArchive/Exhibits/Annexations/Map.jpg
  6. Chudacoff, H. P., E. S. Judith and C. B. Peter (2010) The Evolution of American Urban Society. Boston: Prentice Hall.
  7. Curl, J. S. (2015) Oxford Dictionary of Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  8. Daly, L. C. (1984) A History of the Cemeteries in the City of Seattle & A History of Evergreen-Washelli Cemeteries, Seattle: Evergreen-Washelli Cemeteries and Funeral Home.
  9. Ebdon, D. (1985) Statistics in Geography. New York: Blackwell.
  10. Ferguson, Robert L (1995) The Pioneers of Lake View: A Guide to Seattle's Early Settlers and Their Cemetery. Bellevue, WA: Thistle Press.
  11. Francis, D. (2003) Cemeteries as cultural landscapes. Mortality 8(2): 222-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357627031000087442
  12. Getis, A. and J. Ord (1992) The analysis of spatial association by Use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis 24(3): 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x
  13. Gibson, C. (1998) Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. Population Division Working Research. Washington, D.C.: Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, No. 27. Available from the U.S. Census Bureau at https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab01.txt
  14. Glover, E. S. (1878) Bird's Eye View of the City of Seattle, Puget Sound, Washington Territory, 1878. A.L. Bancroft & Co.: Portland, OR. Available from the Library of Congress Digital Collection at http://www.loc.gov/item/75696660
  15. Harnik, P. and A. Merolli (2010) Cemeteries alive. Landscape Architecture 100(12): 44-50.
  16. Harvey, T. (2006) Sacred spaces, common places: The cemetery in the contemporary American City. Geographical Review 96(2): 295-312.
  17. International Council of Shopping Centers (2012) ICSC's Dictionary of Shopping Center Terms. New York: International Council of Shopping Centers.
  18. Jackson, J. B. and H. L. Horowitz (1997) Landscape in Sight: Looking at America. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  19. Keliehor, H. C. (1989) Grand Army of the Republic Cemetery, Seattle, Washington. Seattle: Elizabeth Bixby Chapter, NSDAR.
  20. Koch, A. (1891) Birds-Eye-View of Seattle and Environs King County, Wash., 1891. Hughes Litho Co.: Chicago, IL. Available from the Library of Congress Digital Collection at http://www.loc.gov/item/75696663
  21. Newell, G. (1977) Westward to Alki. Seattle: Superior Publishing Co.
  22. Oliveira, B., P. Quinteiro, C. Caetano, H. Nadais, L. Arroja, E. Ferreira da Silva and M. M. Senos (2013) Burial grounds’ impact on groundwater and public health: An overview. Water and Environment Journal 27(1): 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2012.00330.x
  23. Rugg, J. (2000) Defining the place of burial: What makes a cemetery a cemetery? Mortality 5(3): 259-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/713686011
  24. Schuyler, D. (1986) The New Urban Landscape: The Redefinition of City form in Nineteenth-Century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  25. Seattle Genealogical Society (1999) Mt. Pleasant Cemetery, Seattle, Washington. Seattle: Seattle Genealogical Society.
  26. Shannon, R. (2007) Cemeteries of Seattle. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing.
  27. Sloane, D. (1991) The Last Great Necessity: Cemeteries in American History (Creating the North American Landscape). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  28. Stilgoe, J. R. (1982) Common Landscape of America, 1580 to 1845. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  29. Thrush, C.-P. (2007) Native Seattle: Histories from the Crossing-Over Place. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  30. Wang, B., W. Shi and Z. Miao (2015). Confidence analysis of standard deviational ellipse and its extension into higher dimensional Euclidean space. PLoS ONE 10(3): E0118537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118537
  31. Warner, W. (1959) The Living and the Dead; A Study of the Symbolic Life of Americans. (Yankee City Series; v. 5). New Haven: Yale University Press.
  32. Wellge, H. (1884) Bird's Eye View of the City of Seattle, W.T., Puget Sound, County Seat of King County 1884. Madison, Wis, J.J. Stoner. Available from the Library of Congress Digital Collection at http://www.loc.gov/item/75696661
  33. World Health Organization (1998) The Impacts of Cemeteries on the Environment and Public Health. World Health Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark.