Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
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Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases

  • Kim, Jong-Hoon (Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University)
  • Received : 2017.10.11
  • Accepted : 2017.10.16
  • Published : 2018.07.15
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Abstract

Panax ginseng, also called Asian or Korean ginseng, has long been traditionally used in Korea and China to treat various diseases. The major active ingredients of P. ginseng are ginsenosides, which have been shown to have a variety of therapeutic effects, including antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxation, antiallergic, antidiabetic, and anticancer. To date, approximately 40 ginsenoside components have been reported. Current research is concentrating on using a single ginseng compound, one of the ginsenosides, instead of the total ginseng compounds, to determine the mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides. Recent in vitro and in vivo results show that ginseng has beneficial effects on cardiac and vascular diseases through efficacy, including antioxidation, control of vasomotor function, modulation of ion channels and signal transduction, improvement of lipid profiles, adjustment of blood pressure, improvement in cardiac function, and reduction in platelet adhesion. This review aims to provide valuable information on the traditional uses of ginseng and ginsenosides, their therapeutic applications in animal models and humans, and the pharmacological action of ginseng and ginsenosides.

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References

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  1. Protective Effects of Sesquiterpenoids from the Root of Panax ginseng on Fulminant Liver Injury Induced by Lipopolysaccharide/D-Galactosamine vol.66, pp.29, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02627
  2. Multifunctional Actions of Ninjinyoeito, a Japanese Kampo Medicine: Accumulated Scientific Evidence Based on Experiments With Cells and Animal Models, and Clinical Studies vol.5, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00093
  3. Seasonal Variation and Possible Biosynthetic Pathway of Ginsenosides in Korean Ginseng Panax ginseng Meyer vol.23, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071824
  4. Developments in Taste-Masking Techniques for Traditional Chinese Medicines vol.10, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10030157
  5. Proteomics analyses revealed the reduction of carbon- and nitrogen-metabolism and ginsenoside biosynthesis in the red-skin disorder of Panax ginseng vol.46, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1071/fp18269
  6. Panax Notoginseng Saponins Protect Cardiac Myocytes Against Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Associated Apoptosis Through Mediation of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis vol.10, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01013
  7. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits the migration and invasion of liver cancer cells by increasing the protein expression of ARHGAP9 vol.17, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9701
  8. Efficacy and Mechanism of Panax Ginseng in Experimental Stroke vol.13, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00294
  9. 자연삼 발효 추출물의 미백 활성에 대한 연구 vol.10, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.15207/jkcs.2019.10.2.285
  10. Ginsenoside Rb1 as an Anti-Diabetic Agent and Its Underlying Mechanism Analysis vol.8, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8030204
  11. Phytochemicals Targeting VEGF and VEGF-Related Multifactors as Anticancer Therapy vol.8, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8030350
  12. Ginsenoside Rk3 ameliorates high-fat-diet/streptozocin induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice via the AMPK/Akt signaling pathway vol.10, pp.5, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9fo00095j
  13. Phenolic Compounds and Ginsenosides in Ginseng Shoots and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Capacities in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Mouse Macrophages vol.20, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122951
  14. Integrated metabolomics signature for assessing the longevity of Panax ginseng seeds vol.99, pp.13, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9887
  15. Effects of Rhodiola rosea and Panax ginseng on the Metabolic Parameters of Rats Submitted to Swimming vol.22, pp.10, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.0062
  16. Research advances in cytochrome P450-catalysed pharmaceutical terpenoid biosynthesis in plants vol.70, pp.18, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz203
  17. Current Status and Problem-Solving Strategies for Ginseng Industry vol.25, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-019-3046-2
  18. Selection and validation of reference genes desirable for gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR in MeJA-treated ginseng hairy roots vol.14, pp.12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226168
  19. Ginsenoside-Rb1 Improved Diabetic Cardiomyopathy through Regulating Calcium Signaling by Alleviating Protein O-GlcNAcylation vol.67, pp.51, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05706
  20. Medicinal plants with anti-mutagenic potential vol.34, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2020.1749527
  21. Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by Gluconacetobacter liquefaciens for delivery of peptide CopA3 and ginsenoside and anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages vol.48, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2020.1748639
  22. Transfer of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues during Household and Industrial Processing of Ginseng vol.2020, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5946078
  23. Ulmus parvifolia Modulates Platelet Functions and Inhibits Thrombus Formation by Regulating Integrin α IIb β 3 and cAMP Signaling vol.11, pp.None, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00698
  24. Combination of the ginsenosides Rb3 and Rb2 exerts protective effects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats vol.45, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2019.4414
  25. Red Ginseng Improves Exercise Endurance by Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Myoblast Differentiation vol.25, pp.4, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040865
  26. Peptides as Potential Biomarkers for Authentication of Mountain-Cultivated Ginseng and Cultivated Ginseng of Different Ages Using UPLC-HRMS vol.68, pp.7, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05568
  27. Pro-Resolving Effect of Ginsenosides as an Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Panax ginseng vol.10, pp.3, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10030444
  28. Ginsenosides reduce body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in high fat diet-induced obese mice via endoplasmic reticulum stress and p-STAT3/STAT3 signaling vol.21, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.10935
  29. Adsorption and desorption characteristics of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on middle‐pressure chromatogram isolated gels vol.43, pp.12, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201901050
  30. Characteristics of Panax ginseng Cultivars in Korea and China vol.25, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112635
  31. UHPLC coupled with mass spectrometry and chemometric analysis of Kang‐Ai injection based on the chemical characterization, simultaneous quantification, and relative quantification of 47 herbal a vol.43, pp.13, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201900878
  32. Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of cardiovascular functions vol.44, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.03.001
  33. Vitamins combined with traditional Chinese medicine for male infertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis vol.8, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12787
  34. Aquaporin 7 involved in GINSENOSIDE-RB1-mediated anti-obesity via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma pathway vol.17, pp.1, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-020-00490-8
  35. Designing HA/PEI nanoparticle composite coating on biodegradable Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy to direct cardiovascular cells fate vol.2, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smaim.2021.03.003
  36. Protective effect of panaxydol against repeated administration of aristolochic acid on renal function and lipid peroxidation products via activating Keap1‐Nrf2/ARE pathway in rat kidney vol.35, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22619
  37. Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and ginseng intervention altered oral pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A in rats vol.265, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113251
  38. Immune enhancement effects of Korean ginseng berry polysaccharides on RAW264.7 macrophages through MAPK and NF-κB signalling pathways vol.32, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2021.1934419
  39. Classical Active Ingredients and Extracts of Chinese Herbal Medicines: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Molecular Mechanisms for Ischemic Stroke vol.2021, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8868941
  40. Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Effects of Epimedium koreanum Nakai vol.2021, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7071987
  41. Anticancer Activities of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Ginseng vol.2021, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8858006
  42. Low Molecular Weight Oligosaccharide from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer against UV-Mediated Apoptosis and Inhibits Tyrosinase Activity In Vitro and In Vivo vol.2021, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8879836
  43. A SIRT1 Activator, Ginsenoside Rc, Promotes Energy Metabolism in Cardiomyocytes and Neurons vol.143, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c10836
  44. Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer vol.12, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo01896a
  45. Anti-Metastatic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition by Ginsenosides vol.9, pp.2, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9020198
  46. Ginsenosides for cardiovascular diseases; update on pre-clinical and clinical evidence, pharmacological effects and the mechanisms of action vol.166, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105481
  47. HPLC-MS/MS Analysis and Study on the Adsorption/Desorption Characteristics of Ginsenosides on Anion-Exchange Macroporous Resins vol.84, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-021-04017-y
  48. Inhibition of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction by North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) vol.99, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2020-0480
  49. Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 vol.45, pp.3, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.001
  50. Positive influence of gut microbiota on the effects of Korean red ginseng in metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial vol.12, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-021-00243-4
  51. Overproduction of anthocyanin in ginseng hairy roots enhances their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-elastase activities vol.48, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5010/jpb.2021.48.2.100
  52. Ginsenosides in vascular remodeling: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of their therapeutic action vol.169, pp.None, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105647
  53. Natural product remedies for COVID-19: A focus on safety vol.139, pp.None, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.03.012
  54. Ginsenosides attenuate bioenergetics and morphology of mitochondria in cultured PC12 cells under the insult of amyloid beta-peptide vol.45, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.005
  55. Clinical potentials of ginseng polysaccharide for treating gestational diabetes mellitus vol.9, pp.19, 2018, https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4959
  56. Anti-Cancer Effect of Panax Ginseng and Its Metabolites: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery vol.9, pp.8, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9081344
  57. Changes in the Growth Characteristics and Compound Contents of 2-Year Old Ginseng according to Chitosan and Ultraviolet Light Treatment vol.29, pp.4, 2021, https://doi.org/10.7783/kjmcs.2021.29.4.253
  58. Design, Synthesis, and Antibacterial Evaluation of Novel Ocotillol Derivatives and Their Synergistic Effects with Conventional Antibiotics vol.26, pp.19, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26195969
  59. Isolation and Identification of Non-Conjugated Linoleic Acid from Processed Panax ginseng Using LC-MS/MS and 1H-NMR vol.8, pp.11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/separations8110208
  60. Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits angiogenesis in gastric precancerous lesions through downregulation of Glut1 and Glut4 vol.145, pp.None, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112086
  61. Enhanced biotransformation of the minor ginsenosides in red ginseng extract by Penicillium decumbens β-glucosidase vol.153, pp.None, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109941