DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparison of proliferation resistance among natural uranium, thorium-uranium, and thorium-plutonium fuels used in CANada Deuterium Uranium in deep geological repository by combining multiattribute utility analysis with transport model

  • Received : 2017.11.17
  • Accepted : 2018.02.12
  • Published : 2018.06.25

Abstract

The proliferation resistance (PR) of Th/U and Th/Pu fuels used in CANada Deuterium Uranium for the deep geological repository was assessed by combining the multiattribute utility analysis proposed by Chirayath et al., 2015 with the transport model of radionuclides in the repository and comparing with that of the used natural U fuel case. It was found that there was no significant advantage for Th/U and Th/Pu fuels from the viewpoint of the PR in the repository. It was also found that the PR values for used nuclear fuels in the repository of Th/U, Th/Pu, and natural U was comparable with those for enrichment and reprocessing facilities in the pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear fuel cycle. On the other hand, the PR values considering the transport of radionuclides in the repository were found to be slightly smaller than those without their transport after the used nuclear fuels started dissolving after 1,000 years.

Keywords

References

  1. S.S. Chirayath, R. Elmore, G. Hollenbeck, N.G. Chandregowda, W.S. Charlton, R. Metcalf, J.C. Ragusa, Proliferation resistance analysis and evaluation tool for observed risk (PRAETOR) - methodology development, J. Nucl. Mater. Manage. 43 (2015) 22-47.
  2. CISION, Candu Energy Inc, Welcomes Positive Review of AFCR Technology in China, January 29, 2018. http://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/candu-energyinc-welcomes-positive-review-of-afcr-technology-in-china-516331731.html.
  3. World Nuclear News, Thorium Use in Candu Units to Be Assessed July 15 2009, 2009.
  4. P.G. Boczar, Candu Fuel-cycle Vision, AECL Report, AECL-11937, 1998. http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/31/010/31010434.pdf.
  5. M. Yamawaki, H. Yamana, H. Unezaki, Research, development and trend of thorium fuel cycle I, J. Atom. Ener. Sci. Jpn. 47 (2005) 802-821 (in Japanese).
  6. M. Yamawaki, H. Yamana, H. Unezaki, Research, Development and Trend of thorium fuel cycle II, J. Atom. Ener. Sci. Jpn. 48 (2006) 20-34 (in Japanese).
  7. I.V. Generation, International Forum, Evaluation Methodology for Proliferation Resistance and Physical Protection of Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems, Rev. 6, 2011.
  8. International Atomic Energy Agency, in: Guidance for the Application of an Assessment Methodology for Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems. INRPO Manual - Proliferation Resistance, 2008. IAEA-TECDOC-1575, Rev. 1 November 2008.
  9. US DOE, Technological opportunities to increase the proliferation resistance of global civilian nuclear power systems, TOPS Task Force on the Nuclear Energy Research Advisory Committee, US DOE, 2001.
  10. N. Inoue, M. Hori, Methodologies of Nuclear Proliferation Resistance Assessment. Proceedings of 44th Annual Meeting of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management, Phoenix Arizona, 2003. July 13-17.
  11. W.S. Charlton, R.L. LeBouf, C. Gariazzo, D.G. Ford, C. Beard, S. Landeberger, M. Whitaker, Proliferation resistance assessment methodology for nuclear fuel cycles, Nucl. Technol. 157 (2007) 143-156. https://doi.org/10.13182/NT07-A3809
  12. J. Li, M.S. Yim, D. McNelis, Assessment the proliferation resistance of nuclear fuel cycle systems using a fuzzy logic-based barrier method, Nucl. Technol. 162 (2008) 293-307. https://doi.org/10.13182/NT08-A3957
  13. D.S. Blair, P.E. Rexroth, G.E. Rochau, T.T. Sype, G.D. Wyss, A Risk-based Methodology for Nuclear Proliferation Decisions, Sandia National Laboratory, 2002. SAND2002-1579C.
  14. C.G. Bathke, B.B. Ebbinghaus, B.A. Collins, B.W. Sleaford, K.R. Hase, M. Robel, R.K. Wallace, K.S. Bradley, J.R. Ireland, G.D. Jarvinen, M.W. Johnso, A.W. Prichard, B.W. Smith, The attractiveness of materials in advanced nuclear fuel cycles for various proliferation and theft scenarios, Nucl. Technol. 179 (2012) 5-30. https://doi.org/10.13182/NT10-203
  15. E. Hass, Proliferation resistance and safeguards-by-design, in: IAEA Symposium on International Safeguards, Vienna, Oct 20-24, 2014, 2014.
  16. S. Takagi, D. Kawasaki, S. Nagasaki, Y. Kuno, Proliferation resistance assessment for radioactive wastes, in: Proceedings of 16th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference, Aomori, Japan, Oct. 13-18, 2008.
  17. Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Adaptive Phased Management. Postclosure Safety Assessment of a Used Fuel Repository in Sedimentary Rocks, NWMO TR-2013-07, 2013.
  18. Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Adaptive Phased Management. Used Fuel Repository Conceptual Design and Postclosure Safety Assessment in Crystalline Rocks, NWMO TR-2012-16, 2012.
  19. International Atomic Energy Agency, Monitoring and Surveillance of Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities, IAEA Safety Standards for Protecting People and the Environment, Special Safety Guide, No. SSG-31, 2014.
  20. Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Project Phases, January 30, 2018. https://www.nwmo.ca/en/A-Safe-Approach/About-the-Project/Project-Phases.
  21. Nuclear Energy Agency, Reversibility of Decisions and Retrievability of Radioactive Waste, Considerations for National Geological Disposal Programmes, OECD, 2012.
  22. Japan Atomic Energy Agency, H12: Project to Establish the Scientific and Technical Basis for HLW Disposal in Japan, Supporting Report 3: Safety Assessment of the Geological Disposal System, the Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute Technical Note, JNC TN 1410 2000-004, Tokyo, Japan, 2000 (in Japanese).
  23. World Nuclear Association, Thorium, January 30, 2018. http://www.worldnuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/thorium.aspx.
  24. S. Nakayama, J. Ahn, T. Ikeda, T. Ohe, M. Kawanishi, M. Tsukamoto, H. Kimura, M. Munakata, Interlaboratory modelling for performance assessment of engineered barriers in high-level radioactive waste disposal, J. Atom. Ener. Soc. Jpn. 34 (1992) 342-364 (in Japanese). https://doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.34.342
  25. International Atomic Energy Agency, Proliferation Resistance Fundamentals for Future Nuclear Energy Systems, IAEA Department of Safeguards, STR-332, 2002.
  26. R.L. Keeney, H. Raiffa, Decisions with Multiple Objectives, New York, Wiley Press, 1976.
  27. R.L. Keeney, H. Raiffa, Decisions with Multiple Objectives, Preferences and Value Tradeoffs, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
  28. R.A. Krakowski, A Multi-attribute Utility Approach to Generating Proliferation Risk Metrics, LA UR-96-3620, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 1996.
  29. Krakowski, Review of Approaches for Quantitative Assessment of the Risks of and Resistance to Nuclear Proliferation from the Civilian Nuclear Fuel Cycle, LA-UR-01-0169, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2001.
  30. M. Turkmen, O.H. Zabunoglu, Use of Th and U in CANDU-6 and ACR-700 on the once- through cycle: burnup analyses, natural U requirement/saving and nuclear resource utilization, J. Nucl. Mater. 429 (2012) 263-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.06.008
  31. Private Communications with Dr. Jeremy Whitlock, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, and Prof. John Luxat, McMaster University, 2015.
  32. M.D. DeHart, M.A. Jessee, Triton. A Multipurpose Transport, Depletion, and Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Module, Version 6.1, 2011.
  33. J.E. Horwedel, L.C. Gauld, S.M. Bowman, ORIGEN-APR. Automatic Rapid Processing for Spent Fuel Depletion, Decay, and Source Term Analysis, Version 6.1, 2011.
  34. A. SCALE, Comprehensive Modeling and Simulation Suite for Nuclear Safety Analysis and Design, Version 6.1, 2011.
  35. Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Thermodynamic, Sorption and Diffusion Databases, January 30, 2018. https://www.jaea.go.jp/04/tisou/english/database/database.html.
  36. P. Vilks, Sorption of Selected Radionuclides on Sedimentary Rocks in Saline Conditions e Literature Review, NWMO Technical Report, NWMO TR-2011-12, Toronto, Canada, 2011.
  37. K. Kurosaki, Thorium Fuel Cycle. In Text Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Reprocessing and Recycle Technology Division, Atomic Energy Society of Japan, 2015.