Journal of Wetlands Research (한국습지학회지)

Korean Wetlands Society (한국습지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Filter Media Specifications for Low Impact Development: A Review of Current Guidelines and Applications

LID 시설 여재에 관한 기술지침 및 적용에 관한 고찰

  • Guerra, Heidi B. (Department of Environmental Engineering, Hanseo University) ;
  • Kim, Lee-Hyung (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University Cheonan City) ;
  • Kim, Youngchul (Department of Environmental Engineering, Hanseo University)
  • Received : 2019.10.04
  • Accepted : 2019.11.06
  • Published : 2019.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A primary aspect of low impact development (LID) design that affects performance efficiency, maintenance frequency, and lifespan of the facility is the type of filter media as well as the arrangement or media profile. Several LID guidelines providing media specifications are currently available and numerous studies have been published presenting the effectiveness of these systems. While some results are similar and consistent, some of them still varies and only a few focuses on the effect of filter media type and arrangement on system performance. This creates a certain level of uncertainty when it comes to filter media selection and design. In this review, a synthesis of filter media specifications from several LID design guidelines are presented and relevant results from different laboratory and field studies are highlighted. The LID systems are first classified as infiltration or non-infiltration structures, and vegetated or non-vegetated structures. Typical profiles of the media according to classification are shown including the different layers, materials, and depth. In addition, results from previous studies regarding the effect of filter media characteristics on hydraulic and hydrologic functions as well as pollutant removal are compared. Other considerations such as organic media leaching, clogging, media washing, and handling during construction were also briefly discussed. This review aims to provide a general guideline that can contribute to proper media selection and design for structural LIDs. In addition, it also identifies opportunities for future research.

LID 시설의 성능, 유지관리 빈도 및 수명에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 1차적인 인자는 여재의 형태 및 구성(깊이 및 profile)일 것이다. 여재 스펙에 관련된 규정 및 정보를 제공하는 지침이 있으며 여재의 효과를 입증하려는 수많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 일부의 연구결과는 서로 유사하거나 일관성이 있으나 일부는 전혀 다른 결론에 도달하고 있으며 매우 적은 연구가 여재의 형태 및 조성이 성능에 미치는 영향에 초점을 맞추고 있는 실정이다. 이와 같은 상황은 오히려 여재의 선정이나 설계하는데 불확실성과 혼란을 유발하고 있다. 이와 같은 관점에서 본 논문에서는 다양한 문헌과 실험실 및 현장 경험을 토대로 여재 스펙 및 구성을 종합적으로 분석하여 제시하였다. 먼저 LID 시스템을 침투 및 비침투 구조, 그리고 식생형 및 비식생형으로 분류하였다. 분류에 따르면 일반적인 여재 Profile을 여재층의 구성, 재료 및 깊이에 따라 고찰하였다. 또한 여재특성이 수리 및 수문학적 기능뿐 만 아니라 오염물질의 저감에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하여 제시하였다. 유기물질의 침출로 인한 막힘, 여제 세척, 시공 중의 취급 등 기타 고려사항에 대해 간략하게 서술하였다. 본 고찰의 목표는 LID 시설을 설계할 때 적절한 여재를 선정하는데 일조하기 위함이며 또는 장래에 필요한 여재연구방향을 제시하는데 있다.

Keywords

References

  1. AECOM (2013). Model Standards & Specifications for Low Impact Development Practices, The City of Riverbank, Riverbank, California.
  2. Auckland Regional Council (ARC) (2003). Stormwater management devices: Design guidelines manual 2nd edition, Auckland Regional Council, Auckland New Zealand.
  3. Atchison, D, Potter, K and Severson, L (2006). Design Guidelines for Stormwater Bioretention Facilities, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.
  4. Brabec, E, Schulte, S, Richards, PL (2002). Impervious Surfaces and Water Quality: A Review of Current Literature and Its Implications for Watershed Planning, Journal of Planning Literature, 16(4), pp. 499-514. [DOI: 10.1177/088541202400903563]
  5. Brown, RA and Hunt WF (2011). Impacts of Media Depth on Effluent Water Quality and Hydrologic Performance of Undersized Bioretention Cells, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 137(3), pp. 132-143. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000167]
  6. Chapman, C and Horner, RR (2010). Performance Assessment of a Street-Drainage Bioretention System, Water Environment Research, 82(2), pp. 109-119. [DOI: 0.2175/106143009x426112] https://doi.org/10.2175/106143009X426112
  7. Chen, Y (2015). Development of a Vertical Flow Wetland for Treating First-flush from Impermeable Area, Ph.D. Dissertation, Hanseo University, Seosan, Republic of Korea.
  8. City of Edmonton (2011). Low Impact Development Best Management Practices Design Guide, City of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
  9. City of Portland (2004). Stormwater Solutions Handbook, Environmental Services City of Portland, Portland, Oregon.
  10. City of Tucson (2015), Low Impact Development and Green Infrastructure Guidance Manual, Pima County, Tucson, Arizona.
  11. Credit Valley Conservation (CVC) (2010). Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide, Credit Valley Conservation and Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Toronto, Canada.
  12. Davis, AP (2007). Field Performance of Bioretention: Water Quality, Environmental Engineering Science, 24(8), pp. 1048-1064. [DOI: 10.1089/ees.2006.0190]
  13. Davis, AP, Shokouhian, M, Sharma, H and Minami, C (2001). Laboratory Study of Biological Retention for Urban Stormwater Management, Water Environment Research, 73(1), pp. 5-14. [DOI: 0.2175/106143001x138624] https://doi.org/10.2175/106143001X138624
  14. Davis, AP, Shokouhian, M, Sharma, H, Minami, C and Winogradoff, D (2003). Water Quality Improvement through Bioretention: Lead, Copper, and Zinc Removal, Water Environment Federation, 75(1), pp. 73-82. [DOI: 10.2175/106143003x140854]
  15. Davis, AP, Hunt, WF, Traver, RG and Clar, M (2009). Bioretention Technology: Overview of Current Practice and Future Needs, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 135(3), pp. 109-117. [DOI: 10.1061/ASCE0733-93722009135:3109]
  16. DeBusk, KM and Wynn, TM (2011). Storm-Water Bioretention for Runoff Quality and Quantity Mitigation, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 137(9), pp. 800-808. [DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000388]
  17. Dietz, ME (2007). Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 186(1-4), pp. 351-363. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z]
  18. Dietz, ME (2016). Modified Bioretention for Enhanced Nitrogen Removal from Agricultural Runoff, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 142(12), pp. 06016007. [DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001144]
  19. Ergas, SJ, Sengupta, PE, Seigel R, Pandit, A, Yao, Y and Yuan, X (2010). Performance of Nitrogen-Removing Bioretention Systems for Control of Agricultural Runoff, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 136(10), pp. 1105-1112. [DOI: 10.1061/ASCEEE.1943-7870.0000243]
  20. Fassman-Beck, E, Wang, S, Simcock, R and Liu R (2015). Assessing the Effects of Bioretention's Engineered Media Composition and Compaction on Hydraulic Conductivity and Water Holding Capacity, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 1(4), pp. 04015003. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JSWBAY.0000799]
  21. Geosyntec Consultants (Geosyntec) (2014). Low Impact Development Practices Design & Implementation Guidelines Manual, Orange County Planning Division, Orange County, Florida.
  22. Gulbaz, S, and Kazezyilmaz-Alhan, CM (2016). Experimental Investigation on Hydrologic Performance of LID with Rainfall-Watershed-Bioretention System, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 22(1), pp. D4016003. [DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001450]
  23. Hinman, C (2012). Low Impact Development Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound, Washington State University and Puget Sound Partnership, Puget Sound, Washington.
  24. Hsieh, C and Davis, AP (2005). Evaluation and Optimization of Bioretention Media for Treatment of Urban Storm Water Runoff, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 131(11), pp. 1521-1531. [DOI: 10.1061/ASCE0733-93722005131:111521]
  25. Hunt, WF and Lord, WG (2006). Urban Waterways: Bioretention Performance, Design, Construction, and Maintenance, AGW-588-05, North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service, North Carolina.
  26. Hunt, WF, Smith, JT, Jadlocki, SJ, Hathaway, JM and Eubanks, PR (2008). Pollutant Removal and Peak Flow Mitigation by a Bioretention Cell in Urban Charlotte, N.C., Journal of Environmental Engineering, 5(134), 403-408. [DOI: 10.1061/ASCE0733-93722008134:5403]
  27. Hunter, G (2012). 'Media' wars in the trenches defending a robust biofiltration media specification, Proceedings of the Stormwater 2012 Conference, Australia, October 15-19, 2012.
  28. Hurley, S, Shrestha, P and Cording, A (2017). Nutrient Leaching from Compost: Implications for Bioretention and Other Green Stormwater Infrastructure, Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 3(3), pp. 04017006. [DOI: 10.1061/JSWBAY.0000821]
  29. Kim, H, Seagren, A and Davis, AP (2003). Engineered Bioretention for Removal of Nitrate from Stormwater, Water Environment Research, 75(4), pp. 355-367. [DOI: 10.2175/106143003x141169]
  30. Los Angeles Department of Public works (LADPW) (2014). Low Impact Development Standards Manual, County of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Los Angeles, California.
  31. LeFevre, G, Paus, K, Natarajan, P, Gulliver, J, Novak, P and Hozalski, R (2014). Review of Dissolved Pollutants in Urban Storm Water and Their Removal and Fate in Bioretention Cells, Journal of Environmental Engineering, 141(1), pp. 04014050. [DOI: : 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000876]
  32. Li, H and Davis, AP (2008). Heavy Metal Capture and Accumulation in Bioretention Media, Environmental Science & Technology, 42(14), pp. 5247-5253. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es702681j]
  33. North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) (2018). NCDEQ Stormwater Design Manual: Bioretention Cell, Department of f Environmental Quality, North Carolina.
  34. Niu, S (2016). Vertical and Innovative LID-wetland Treating Stormwater from Paved Road, Ph.D. Dissertation, Hanseo University, Seosan, Republic of Korea.
  35. Perrin, C, Milburn, L, Szpir, L, Hunt, W, Bruce, S. McCLendon, R, Job, S, Line, D, Lindbo, D, Smutko, S, Fisher, H, Tucker, R. Calabria, J, Debusk, K, Cone, KC, Smith-Gordon, M, Spooner, J, Blue, T, Deal, N, Lynn, J, Rashash, D. Rubin, R, Senior, M, White, N. Jones, D and Eaker, W, (2009). Low Impact Development: A Guidebook for North Carolina (AG-716), NC Cooperative Extension Service, NC State University, North Carolina.
  36. Pitt, R and Clark, SE (2010). Evaluation of Biofiltration Media for Engineered Natural Treatment Systems, Geosyntec Consultants, Santa Barbara, California.
  37. Pitt, R, Lantrip, J, Harrisson, R, Henry, CL and Xue D (1999). Infiltration through Disturbed Urban Soils and Compost-Amended Soil Effects on Runoff Quality and Quantity, Report EPA/600/R-00/016, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  38. Prince George's County (2007). Bioretention Manual, Environmental Services Division, Department of Environmental Resources, The Prince George's County, Maryland.
  39. Robertson WD (2010). Nitrate removal rates in woodchip media of varying age, Ecological Engineering, 36(11), pp. 1581-1587. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.01.008]
  40. Saeed, T and Sun, G (2011). Enhanced denitrification and organics removal in hybrid wetland columns: Comparative experiments, Bioresource Technology, 102(2), pp. 967-974. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.09.056]
  41. Sharma, S (2017). Effects of Urbanization on Water Resources-Facts and Figures, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 8(4), pp. 433-459. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317950856] https://doi.org/10.14299/ijser.2017.07.004
  42. Shuster, WD, Bonta, J, Thurston, H, Warnemuende, E and Smith, DR (2005). Impacts of impervious surface on watershed hydrology: A review, Urban Water Journal, 2(4), pp. 263-275. [DOI:10.1080/15730620500386529]
  43. Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG) (2008). Low Impact Development Manual for Michigan: A Design Guide for Implementors and Reviewers, Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, Detroit, Michigan.
  44. Tetra Tech, Inc. (2011). San Diego Low Impact Development Design Manual, PITS070111-01, Tetra Tech, Inc. and Construction and Development Standards Section, San Diego Storm Water Division, California.
  45. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1999a). Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet: Infiltration Trench, EPA 832-F-99-019, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  46. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1999b). Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet: Bioretention, EPA 832-F-99-012, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  47. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2001). Our Built and Natural Environments: A technical review of the interactions between land use, transportation, and environmental quality, EPA 231K13001, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
  48. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (2017). https://www.epa.gov/nps/urban-runoff-low-impact-development
  49. USKH, Inc. (2008). Low Impact Development Design Guidance Manual, Municipality of Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska.