The Plant Pathology Journal

The Korean Society of Plant Pathology (한국식물병리학회)
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Wheat Blast in Bangladesh: The Current Situation and Future Impacts

  • Islam, M. Tofazzal (Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University) ;
  • Kim, Kwang-Hyung (Department of Climate Service and Research, APEC Climate Center) ;
  • Choi, Jaehyuk (Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University)
  • Received : 2018.08.21
  • Accepted : 2018.10.14
  • Published : 2019.02.01
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Abstract

Wheat blast occurred in Bangladesh for the first time in Asia in 2016. It is caused by a fungal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype. In this review, we focused on the current status of the wheat blast in regard to host, pathogen, and environment. Despite the many efforts to control the disease, it expanded to neighboring regions including India, the world's second largest wheat producer. However, the disease occurrence has definitely decreased in quantity, because of many farmers chose to grow alternate crops according to the government's directions. Bangladesh government planned to introduce blast resistant cultivars but knowledges about genetics of resistance is limited. The genome analyses of the pathogen population revealed that the isolates caused wheat blast in Bangladesh are genetically close to a South American lineage of Magnaporthe oryzae. Understanding the genomes of virulent strains would be important to find target resistance genes for wheat breeding. Although the drier winter weather in Bangladesh was not favorable for development of wheat blast before, recent global warming and climate change are posing an increasing risk of disease development. Bangladesh outbreak in 2016 was likely to be facilitated by an extraordinary warm and humid weather in the affected districts before the harvest season. Coordinated international collaboration and steady financial supports are needed to mitigate the fearsome wheat blast in South Asia before it becomes a catastrophe.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. World wheat production. (A) World wheat production by continents. Average values during 2014-2016 were used for the graph. (B) Top ten wheat producing countries. All data were obtained from FAOSTAT (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC).

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Fig. 2. Symptoms of wheat blast and burning of a wheat blast infected field. (A) Complete bleaching of four wheat spikes above the point of infection collected from a blast infected field of Meherpur in Bangladesh in 2018, (B) Complete bleaching of five wheat spikes above the point of infection collected from a suspected blast infected field of West Bengal in India in 2017 (photo generously provided by Sunita Mahapatra, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, India, (C) Typical eye-shaped lesions and dark gray spots on a severely diseased wheat leaf, (D) Severe blast-affected shriveled and pale wheat seeds cv. Prodip, (E) Clearing of a severely blast affected field of wheat in Chuadanga, Bangladesh by burning (see a video clip at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EmL5YM0kIok).

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Fig. 3. Effects of climate change on the Bangladesh outbreak of wheat blast in 2016. (A) Temperature anomalies of February from 2014 to 2017 in the India-Bangladesh region. The temperature anomaly indicates a departure of monthly mean temperature from long-term average, and therefore a positive anomaly means that the observed temperature was warmer than the long-term average value. Figures were generated based on the NOAA global surface temperature anomaly dataset, produced by the United States National Center of Environmental Information in 2018 (Smith et al., 2008). (B) Calculation of the modified DFI (day favouring infection) index for the wheat blast-infected regions in 2016. To estimate infection risk for the wheat blast disease, we adopted the DFI index by Fernandes et al. (2017) as an infection risk proxy, which was modified based on the availability of weather variables from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2) climate data (Gelaro et al., 2017). Daily maximum temperature and precipitation variables of the MERRA-2 for 2015-2018 were extracted from eight overlapping grids over the target districts of Bangladesh (latitudes 22° 49' 43.5468" N to 24° 21' 48.258" N and longitudes 88° 33' 29.8224" E to 89° 43' 42.294" E), where severe wheat blast epidemics were reported in 2016. The modified DFI index is the number of days with maximum temperature > 23°C and rainfall > 0.1 mm for the period of January to February.

Table 1. The list of resistance genes identified in wheat cultivars

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