Advances in Computational Design

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Modeling and simulation of large crowd evacuation in hazard-impacted environments

  • Datta, Songjukta (Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University) ;
  • Behzadan, Amir H. (Department of Construction Science, Texas A&M University)
  • Received : 2018.12.08
  • Accepted : 2019.02.04
  • Published : 2019.04.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Every year, many people are severely injured or lose their lives in accidents such as fire, chemical spill, public pandemonium, school shooting, and workplace violence. Research indicates that the fate of people in an emergency situation involving one or more hazards depends not only on the design of the space (e.g., residential building, industrial facility, shopping mall, sports stadium, school, concert hall) in which the incident occurs, but also on a host of other factors including but not limited to (a) occupants' characteristics, (b) level of familiarity with and cognition of the surroundings, and (c) effectiveness of hazard intervention systems. In this paper, we present EVAQ, a simulation framework for modeling large crowd evacuation by taking into account occupants' behaviors and interactions during an emergency. In particular, human's personal (i.e., age, gender, disability) and interpersonal (i.e., group behavior and interactions) attributes are parameterized in a hazard-impacted environment. In addition, different hazard types (e.g., fire, lone wolf attacker) and propagation patterns, as well as intervention schemes (simulating building repellent systems, firefighters, law enforcement) are modeled. Next, the application of EVAQ to crowd egress planning in an airport terminal under human attack, and a shopping mall in fire emergency are presented and results are discussed. Finally, a validation test is performed using real world data from a past building fire incident to assess the reliability and integrity of EVAQ in comparison with existing evacuation modeling tools.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Natural Science Foundation (NSF)

References

  1. Alpert, R.L. and Ward, E.J. (1984), "Evaluation of unsprinklered fire hazards", Fire Safety J., 7(2), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(84)90033-X
  2. Bak, P., Chen, K., and Tang, C. (1990), "A forest-fire model and some thoughts on turbulence", Physics letters A, 147(5-6), 297-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(90)90451-S
  3. Bandini, S., Federici, M.L., Manzoni, S. and Vizzari, G. (2005), "Towards a methodology for situated cellular agent-based crowd simulations", International Workshop on Engineering Societies in the Agents World, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 203-220.
  4. Bo, Y., Cheng, W., Hua, H. and Lijun, L. (2007), "A multi-agent and PSO based simulation for human behavior in emergency evacuation", Computational Intelligence and Security, 2007 International Conference on IEEE, Harbin, China, December, 296-300.
  5. Bonabeau, E. (2002), "Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(suppl 3), 7280-7287. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.082080899
  6. Braun, A., Bodmann, B.E. and Musse, S.R. (2005), "Simulating virtual crowds in emergency situations", Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, Monterey, Canada, November, 244-252.
  7. Cantrell, W.A., Petty, M.D., Knight, S.L. and Schueler, W.K. (2018), "Physics-based modeling of crowd evacuation in the Unity game engine", J. Model., Simul. Sci. Comput., 1850029.
  8. Cao, S.C., Song, W.G., Liu, X.D. and Mu, N. (2014), "Simulation of pedestrian evacuation in a room under fire emergency", Procedia Eng., 71, 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.058
  9. Cao, S., Song, W. and Lv, W. (2016), "Modeling pedestrian evacuation with guiders based on a multi-grid model", Physics Letters A, 380(4), 540-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2015.11.028
  10. Cao, S., Song, W., Lv, W. and Fang, Z. (2015), "A multi-grid model for pedestrian evacuation in a room without visibility", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 436, 45-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.05.019
  11. Chaturvedi, A., Mellema, A., Filatyev, S. and Gore, J. (2006), "DDDAS for fire and agent evacuation modeling of the rhode island nightclub fire", International Conference on Computational Science, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 433-439.
  12. Datta, S. (2018), "EVAQ: Person-specific Evacuation simulation for large crowd egress analysis", M.Sc. Dissertation, Texas A&M University, Texas, U.S.A.
  13. Fahy, R.F. (1999), "User's Manual, EXIT89 v 1.01, An Evacuation Model for High-Rise Buildings", National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, U.S.A.
  14. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) (2016), 2016 crime in the United States; FBI, Washington D.C., U.S.A. https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/topic-pages/expanded-offense.
  15. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2017), Civilian fire fatalities in residential buildings (2013-2015); FEMA, Washington D.C., U.S.A. www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/statistics/v18i4.pdf.
  16. Fraser-Mitchell, J.N. (1994), "An object-oriented simulation (Crisp 11) for fire risk assessment", Fire Safety Sci., 4, 793-804. https://doi.org/10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.4-793
  17. Fu, Z., Zhou, X., Zhu, K., Chen, Y., Zhuang, Y., Hu, Y., Yang, L. Chen, C. and Li, J. (2015), "A floor field cellular automaton for crowd evacuation considering different walking abilities", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 420, 294-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.11.006
  18. Grosshandler, W.L., Bryner, N.P., Madrzykowski, D. and Kuntz, K. (2005), "Draft report of the technical investigation of The Station nightclub fire", National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S.A.
  19. Guo, R.Y., and Huang, H.J. (2008), "A mobile lattice gas model for simulating pedestrian evacuation", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 387(2-3), 580-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2007.10.001
  20. Guo, R.Y., Huang, H.J. and Wong, S.C. (2011), "Collection, spillback, and dissipation in pedestrian evacuation: A network-based method", Transport. Res. Part B Methodologic., 45(3), 490-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2010.09.009
  21. Guo, S., Hu, X. and Wang, X. (2012), "On time granularity and event granularity in simulation service composition (WIP)", Proceedings of the 2012 Symposium on Theory of Modeling and Simulation-DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium, Florida, U.S.A., March, 38.
  22. Guo, X., Chen, J., You, S. and Wei, J. (2013), "Modeling of pedestrian evacuation under fire emergency based on an extended heterogeneous lattice gas model", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 392(9), 1994-2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2012.12.033
  23. Gwynne, S., Galea, E.R., Owen, M., Lawrence, P.J. and Filippidis, L. (1999), "A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment", Build. Environ., 34(6), 741-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2
  24. Hoffmann, N.A. and Galea, E.R. (1993), "An extension of the fire-field modeling technique to include firesprinkler interaction-II. The simulations", J. Heat Mass Transfer, 36(6), 1445-1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(05)80055-9
  25. Hurley, M.J., Gottuk, D.T., Hall Jr, J.R., Harada, K., Kuligowski, E.D., Puchovsky, M., Torero, J.L., Watts Jr., J.M. and Wieczorek, C.J. (2015), SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, Springer, Berlin, Germany.
  26. Ji, Q. and Gao, C. (2006), "Simulating crowd evacuation with a leader-follower model", IJCSES, 1(4), 249-252.
  27. Kirchner, A. and Schadschneider, A. (2002), "Simulation of evacuation processes using a bionics-inspired cellular automaton model for pedestrian dynamics", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 312(1-2), 260-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(02)00857-9
  28. Kirchner, A., Klupfel, H., Nishinari, K., Schadschneider, A. and Schreckenberg, M. (2003), "Simulation of competitive egress behavior: comparison with aircraft evacuation data", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 324(3-4), 689-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4371(03)00076-1
  29. Kobes, M., Helsloot, I., De Vries, B. and Post, J.G. (2010), "Building safety and human behavior in fire: A literature review", Fire Safety J., 45(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.08.005
  30. Kuligowski, E.D., Peacock, R.D. and Hoskins, B.L. (2010), "A review of building evacuation models, 2nd edition", US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, U.S.A.
  31. Lee, H.Y. (2012), "Using a guiding network to determine efficient evacuation routes in a public building", J. Infrastructure Syst., 19(3), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IS.1943-555X.0000127
  32. Leiserson, C.E. and Schardl, T.B. (2010), "A work-efficient parallel breadth-first search algorithm (or how to cope with the nondeterminism of reducers)", Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures, Santorini, Greece, June, 303-314.
  33. Li, M., Fu, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z., Wang, S., Kong, H. and Mao, R. (2017), "An improved searching algorithm for indoor trajectory reconstruction", J. Distributed Sensor Networks, 13(11), 1550147717743697.
  34. Li, X. and Qin, W. (2012), "A crowd behavior model based on reciprocal velocity obstacle algorithm", Procedia Eng., 29, 2887-2893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.01.409
  35. Lo, S.M., Huang, H.C., Wang, P. and Yuen, K.K. (2006), "A game theory-based exit selection model for evacuation", Fire Safety J., 41(5), 364-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.02.003
  36. McGrattan, K., Klein, B., Hostikka, S. and Floyd, J. (2010), "Fire dynamics simulator (version 5), user's guide", NIST special publication, 1019(5), 1-186.
  37. Milke, J., Kodur, V. and Marrion, C. (2002), "An overview of fire protection in buildings", Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
  38. Nguyen, M.H., Ho, T.V. and Zucker, J.D. (2013), "Integration of Smoke Effect and Blind Evacuation Strategy (SEBES) within fire evacuation simulation", Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 36, 44-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2013.04.001
  39. NIST (2010), Fire Dynamics; Fire Research Division, Washington D.C., U.S.A., www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/firegov-fire-service/fire-dynamics.
  40. Owen, M., Galea, E.R. and Lawrence, P.J. (1996), "The EXODUS evacuation model applied to building evacuation scenarios", J. Fire Protection Eng., 8(2), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/104239159600800202
  41. Pan, X., Han, C.S., Dauber, K. and Law, K.H. (2007), "A multi-agent-based framework for the simulation of human and social behaviors during emergency evacuations", Ai Society, 22(2), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-007-0126-1
  42. Pelechano, N., Allbeck, J.M. and Badler, N.I. (2007), "Controlling individual agents in high-density crowd simulation", Proceedings of the 2007 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, San Diego, CA, U.S.A., January, 99-108
  43. Ronchi, E.P. and Nilsson, D. (2013), "Assessment of total evacuation systems for tall buildings: Literature Review", Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, U.S.A.
  44. Sagun, A., Anumba, C.J. and Bouchlaghem, D. (2013), "Designing buildings to cope with emergencies: Findings from case studies on exit preferences", Buildings, 3(2), 442-461. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings3020442
  45. Schmidt, V. (1974), U.S. Patent No. 3,782,475, U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  46. Shestopal, V.O. and Grubits, S.J. (1994), "Evacuation model for merging traffic flows in multi-room and multi-story buildings", Fire Safety Science, 4, 625-632. https://doi.org/10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.4-625
  47. Shi, L., Xie, Q., Cheng, X., Chen, L., Zhou, Y. and Zhang, R. (2009), "Developing a database for emergency evacuation model", Build. Environ., 44(8), 1724-1729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.11.008
  48. Shi, X., Ye, Z., Shiwakoti, N., Tang, D. and Lin, J. (2019), "Examining effect of architectural adjustment on pedestrian crowd flow at bottleneck", Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 522, 350-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.01.086
  49. Shiwakoti, N. and Sarvi, M. (2013), "Understanding pedestrian crowd panic: A review on model organism approach", J. Transport Geography, 26, 12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.08.002
  50. Smith, G.A. (2013), "Knife-related injuries treated in United States emergency departments, 1990-2008", J. Emergency Medicine, 45(3), 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.11.092
  51. Song, W., Xu, X., Wang, B.H. and Ni, S. (2006), "Simulation of evacuation processes using a multi-grid model for pedestrian dynamics", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 363(2), 492-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2005.08.036
  52. Still, G.K. (2000), "Crowd Dynamics", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Warwick, Coventry.
  53. Still, G.K. (2007), "Review of pedestrian and evacuation simulations", J. Critical Infrastruct., 3(3-4), 376-388. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCIS.2007.014116
  54. Stout, B. (1996), Smart Moves: Intelligent Pathfinding, Game Developer Magazine, October.
  55. Tan, L., Hu, M. and Lin, H. (2015), "Agent-based simulation of building evacuation: Combining human behavior with predictable spatial accessibility in a fire emergency", Information Sciences, 295, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2014.09.029
  56. Tang, F. and Ren, A. (2008), "Agent-based evacuation model incorporating fire scene and building geometry", Tsinghua Science and Technology, 13(5), 708-714. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1007-0214(08)70115-9
  57. Thompson, P., Lindstrom, H., Ohlsson, P. and Thompson, S. (2003), "Simulex: Analysis and changes for IMO compliance", Proceedings of 2nd International Conference: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics, London, August, 173-184.
  58. Thomsen, J., Levitt, R.E., Kunz, J.C., Nass, C.I. and Fridsma, D.B. (1999), "A trajectory for validating computational emulation models of organizations", Comput. Math. Organization Theory, 5(4), 385-401. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009624719571
  59. Toyama, M.C., Bazzan, A.L. and Da Silva, R. (2006), "An agent-based simulation of pedestrian dynamics: From lane formation to auditorium evacuation", Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, Hakodate, Japan, May, 108-110.
  60. Wei-Guo, S., Yan-Fei, Y., Bing-Hong, W. and Wei-Cheng, F. (2006), "Evacuation behaviors at exit in CA model with force essentials: A comparison with social force model", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 371(2), 658-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2006.03.027
  61. Wei, X., Song, W., Lv, W., Liu, X. and Fu, L. (2014), "Defining static floor field of evacuation model in large exit scenario", Simul. Model. Practice Theory, 40, 122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.simpat.2013.09.007
  62. Wright, A.J. (2007), "U.S. Patent No. 7,259,656", U.S. Patent and Trademark Office; Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  63. Xie, X.Y., Ren, A.Z. and Zhou, X.Q. (2003), "Determination of the best evacuation route in high-rise building fire", J. Natural Disasters, 12(3), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-4574.2003.03.012
  64. Yamamoto, K., Kokubo, S. and Nishinari, K. (2007), "Simulation for pedestrian dynamics by real-coded cellular automata (RCA)", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 379(2), 654-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2007.02.040
  65. Yang, L.Z., Zhao, D.L., Li, J. and Fang, T.Y. (2005), "Simulation of the kin behavior in building occupant evacuation based on cellular automaton", Build. Environ., 40(3), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.08.005
  66. Yang, X., Dong, H., Wang, Q., Chen, Y. and Hu, X. (2014), "Guided crowd dynamics via modified social force model", Physica A Stat. Mech. Appl., 411, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2014.05.068
  67. Yuan, J.P., Fang, Z., Wang, Y.C., Lo, S.M. and Wang, P. (2009), "Integrated network approach of evacuation simulation for large complex buildings", Fire Safety J., 44(2), 266-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.07.004
  68. Zheng, X., Zhong, T. and Liu, M. (2009), "Modeling crowd evacuation of a building based on seven methodological approaches", Build. Environ., 44(3), 437-445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.04.002

Cited by

  1. Interacting with VDL-based structured icons on crisis map for emergency coordination: Interactive design and experimental demonstration vol.70, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.displa.2021.102059