벤처창업연구 (Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship)

  • 제14권2호
  • /
  • Pages.135-149
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 1975-7557(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2671-9509(eISSN)
한국벤처창업학회 (The Korean Society of Business Venturing)
권호 표지

중소기업에서 상사의 변혁적 리더십과 진성 리더십이 변화지지행동에 미치는 영향: 긍정심리자본의 매개효과에 관한 연구

An Effects of Authentic Leadership and Transformational Leadership on Change Supportive Behavior in Small and Medium-size Business: Focused on Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Capital

  • Kim, Kyu Han (Dept. of Information Management, Graduate School of Venture, Hoseo University) ;
  • Huh, Chul Moo (Dept. of Information Management, Graduate School of Venture, Hoseo University)
  • 투고 : 2019.03.11
  • 심사 : 2019.04.11
  • 발행 : 2019.04.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

오늘날 진정성이 결여된 리더십을 발휘하는 리더들로 인해 물의를 일으키는 기업들이 많아지고 있다. 중소기업도 이런 문제에서 자유로울 수 없을 것이다. 이를 위해서는 회사 외부는 물론이고 회사 내부의 리더들과 구성원의 관계에서도 진정한 변화가 있어야 한다. 21C에는 진정성 있는 리더십이 필요한 때이다. 그러나 아직도 구성원들의 진정한 변화지지행동에 영향을 주는 결정요인들의 연구가 아직까지도 미흡한 상황이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 중소기업에서 상사의 변혁적 리더십과 진성 리더십이 구성원의 변화지지행동에 미치는 영향과 이에 대한 매개변수로서 긍정심리자본의 역할을 실증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 자료 수집은 서울 경기 수도권 소재의 중소기업 조직구성원 424명을 대상으로 하였으며, 수집된 자료의 분석을 위해서 통계패키지 SPSS ver.21.0.과 AMOS ver.18.0을 사용하여 분석을 하였다. 가설검증 결과, 첫째, 중소기업에서 상사의 변혁적 러더십은 변화지지행동에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나왔으나, 진성 리더십은 구성원의 변화지지 행동에 영향을 미치는 결과가 나왔다. 또한 독립변수인 변혁적 리더십과 진정 리더십이 변화지지행동에 미치는 영향에 있어 긍정심리자본이 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 변혁적 리더십과 진성 리더십이 긍정심리자본에 미치는 영향의 차이를 검정해 본 결과 변혁적 리더십 보다 진성 리더십이 더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석결과는 중소기업에서 상사들의 진정성 없는 변혁적 리더십은 구성원의 변화지지행동을 이끌어 내기가 어려우며, 진정성이 있는 진성 리더십을 발휘하여 구성원들의 변화지지행동에 긍정의 영향을 주는 리더십이 필요함을 시사하고 있다. 이상의 연구 결론 및 시사점을 논의한 후, 후속연구를 위한 연구의 방향을 제시하였다.

Today, a growing number of companies are in trouble because leaders are lack of authentic leadership. Small and midium sized companies have the same issue. To correct the issue, there must be a real change in the relationship between managers and employees of the company as well as outside the company. In 21st century, authentic leadership is required. However, the research about determinants of change supportive behavior is not sufficient. Therefore, the purpose of this study is how manager's transformational leadership and authentic leadership affects change supportive behavior of employees in small and midium sized companies. The study also has to prove the role of positive psychological capital as a parameter. Data were collected from 424 employees working for small and midium sized companies in metropolitan area around Seoul and Gyeonggi. The data were analyzed using statistical package SPSS ver.21.0 and AMOS ver.18.0. Based on the research, First, the transformational leadership does not affect the change supportive behavior. However, authentic leadership affects the change supportive behavior. Also, positive psychological capital playes a role as parameter when transformational and authentic leadership, that are independent variable, affect change supportive behavior. On the other hand, the research shows that authentic leadership has more influence than transformational leadership on positive psychological capital. Transformational leadership without genuine attitude cannot affect change support behavior of employees in small and medium sized companies. Therefore, to affect change supportive behavior of employee, authentic leadership with genuine mind is required. After discussing the conclusions and implications of this study. the direction of the study for the follow - up study was suggested.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Anderson, T. D.(1998). Transforming leadership: Equipping yourself and coaching others to build the leadership organization (2nd ed.), Boca Raton, FL, St. Lucie Press.
  2. Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M.(1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 188-218.
  3. Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Walumbwa, F. O., Luthans, F., & May, D. R.(2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors, The Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 801-823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.09.003
  4. Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L.(2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership, The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
  5. Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F.(2006). The high impact leader: Authentic, resilient leadership that gets results ansd sustains growth, NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
  6. Bailey, S. S. (1988), The relationship between leadership styles of high school principals and school climate perceived by teachers, doctoral dissertation: West Virginia University.
  7. Bass, B. M.(1985). Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, NewYork: Free Press.
  8. Bass, B. M.(1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share vision, Organizational Dynamics, 63, 1-18.
  9. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J.(1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Palo Alto. CA.
  10. Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J.(1997). Full Range Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Mind Garden, Palo Alto. CA.
  11. Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P.(1999), Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior, The Leadership Quarterly, 10, 181-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00016-8
  12. Bandura, A.(1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  13. Bommer, W. H., Rich, G, A., & Rubin, R. S.(2005). Changing attitudes about change: longitudinal effects of transformational leader behavior on employee cynicism about organizational change, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26, 733-753. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.342
  14. Browon, M. E., & Trevino, L. K.(2006). Socialized charismatic leadership, values congruence, and deviance in work groups, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 954-962. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.954
  15. Burns, J. M.(1978), Leadership, New York: Harper & Row.
  16. Cho, Y. B., & Lee, N. Y.(2010). A Study On The Effects Of Psychological Ownership On Behavioral Support For Organizational Change: In The Centre Of Moderate Effect On Commitment To Change, Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 71-94.
  17. Choi, S. B., Kim, K. H., & Moon, K. W.(2010). The Effect Of Transformational Leadership On The Innovation Behavior: Mediating Effects Of Learning Orientation And Organizational Commitment, Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(4), 225-243.
  18. Choi, W. J., & Cho, Y. H.(2013). The Effects of Authentic Leadership on Psychological Well-being and Adaptive Performance: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy, Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(11), 1983-2011.
  19. Choi, W. J., & Song, H. D.(2014). The Effects of Authentic Leadership on Military Organizational Effectiveness: The Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy and the Moderating Effect of LMX, Journal of Management, 27(11), 1983-2011.
  20. Cooper, D. D., Scandura, T. A., & Schriesheim, C. A.(2005). Looking forward but learning from our past: Potential challenges to developing authentic leadership theory and authentic leaders, The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.008
  21. Eisenbach, R., Watson, K., & Pillai, P.(1999). Transformational leadership in the context of organizational change, Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534819910263631
  22. Gardner, W. L., Avolio, B., Luthans, F., May, D., & Walumbwa, F.(2005). Can you see the real me? A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development, The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 343-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.003
  23. Gardner, W. L., Fischer, D., & Hunt. J. G.(2009). Emotional Labor and Leadership: A Threat to Authenticity?, Leadership Quarterly, 20(3), 466-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.03.011
  24. Gardner, W. L., & Schermerhorn, J.(2004). Unleashing individual potential: Performance gains through positive organizational behavior and authentic leadership, Organizational Dynamics, 33(3), 270-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.06.004
  25. George, B.(2003). Authentic leadership: Rediscovering the series to creating lasting value, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
  26. Gooty, J., Gavin, M., Johnson, P. D., Frazier, M. L., & Snow, D. B.(2009). In the Eyes of the Beholder: Transformational Leadership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Performance, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15, 353-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051809332021
  27. Han, B. J.(2013). A Study on the Mediating Effects of LMX and Psychological Capital between Authentic Leadership and Organizational Commitment, Journal of Human Resource Management, 37(3), 125-153.
  28. Han, B. J.(2015). A Study on the Effects of Transformational and Authentic Leadership on Organizational Commitment: Focused on the Mediating Effects of Psychological Capital, Journal of The Korean Society for Public Administration, 14(1), 49-79.
  29. Harter, S.(2002). Authenticity. In C. R. Snyder, & S. Lopez, Handbook pf positive Psychology, Oxford University Press, 382-394.
  30. Herscovitch, L., & Meyer, J. P.(2002). Commitment to organizational change: Extension of a three-component model, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(3), 474-487. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.3.474
  31. House, R. J.(1977). A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership. Leadership: The cutting edge, 189-207, Carbondale, IL: South Illinois University Press.
  32. Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J.(1992). The ethics of charismatic leadership: submission or liberation?, Academy of Management Executive, 6, 43-54.
  33. Ilies, R., Morgeson, F. P., & Nahrgang, J. D.(2005). Authentic leadership and eudaemonic well-being: Understanding leader-follower outcomes, The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 373-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.002
  34. Jensen, S., & Luthans, F.(2006). Entrepreneurs as authentic leaders: Impact on employees' attitudes, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 27(8), 646-666. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730610709273
  35. Jeong, Y. J., Lee, S. J., & Kim, M. J.(2012). Transformational Leader vs. Authentic Leader: Transformational Leadership Revisited, Journal of Business, 41(3), 539-573.
  36. Jeong, Y. J., & Kim, M. J.(2013). The Relationship between Authentic Leadership and Team Effectiveness: The Mediating Role of Team Energy, Journal of Organizational Human Resource Management, 37(2), 181-216.
  37. Jo, Y. S.(2015). Social Exchange Relationship in Organizations and Change-Oriented Behavior: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital, Journal of Organizational Human Resource Management, 289-314.
  38. Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E.(2000). Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 751-765. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.751
  39. Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A.(2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings, The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 525-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00050-X
  40. Kwon, H. S.(2007). The Effect of Transformational Leadership on the Hotel Employees' Empowerment, Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment, Journal of Hotel Management, 16(5), 63-76.
  41. Kernis, M. H.(2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem, Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1401_01
  42. Kim, H. Y., & Kim, J. J.(2015). Effect of Authentic Leadership on Innovative Behavior: Focusing upon the Mediation Effect of Job Commitment, Journal of Management Education, 29(3), 18-45.
  43. Kim, S. C.(2015). Influence for Organizational Effectiveness from Authentic Leadership, Positive Psychological Capital, Journal of Social Science, 26(4), 3-25. https://doi.org/10.16881/jss.2015.10.26.4.3
  44. Kim, S. T.(2014). Relationship among Transformational Leadership, Positive Psychological Capital and Job Satisfaction of Employees in Sport Center Organizations, Journal of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association, 8(3), 167-177 https://doi.org/10.21184/jkeia.2014.09.8.3.167
  45. Lee, M. Y.(2012). Influence of Head Nurses' Transformational Leadership on Staff Nurse's Psychological Well-being, Stress and Somatization: Focused on the Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Capital, Journal of Nursing Administration Society, 18(2), 166-175.
  46. Lee, J. E.(2009). The effect of transformational Leadership on insurance employees change support behavior: the moderating role of organizational commitment, Journal of Korea Service Management Society, 10(1), 299-330. https://doi.org/10.15706/jksms.2009.10.1.013
  47. Lim, J. C. & Yoon, J. G.(1999). The Effects of Supervisors' Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Subordinates' Innovativeness: The Role of Self-Efficacy as a Mediator, Journal of Human Resource Management, 7(1), 1-42.
  48. Luthans, F.(2002). Positive organizational behavior: Developing and managing psychological strengths, The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1), 57-72.
  49. Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C.(2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital, Business Horizons, 47(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2003.11.007
  50. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J.(2003). Authentic leadership: A positive development approach In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, and R. E. Quinn(Eds), Positive Organizational Scholarship, 241-248.
  51. Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J.(2009). The point of positive organizational behaviour, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.589
  52. Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M.(2002). Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development, Human Resource Development Review, 1(3), 304-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484302013003
  53. Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M.(2007). Emerging positive organizational behavior, Journal of Management, 33(3), 321-349. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300814
  54. Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J.(2007). Psychological capital: Investing and developing positive organizational behavior, In D. L. Nelson & C. L. Cooper(Eds.), Positive Organizational Behavior, 9-24. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  55. Martin, N. H., & Sims, J. H.(1956). Thinking ahead: Power tactics, Harvard Business Review, 34, 25-36.
  56. McLean, B., & Elkind, P.(2003). The smartest guys in the room: The amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron, New York, NY: Portfolio.
  57. Moon, H. K.(2014). The Influence of Authentic Leadership on Subordinates' Attitudes and Behaviors and the Mediation Effect of Trust in Leader, Journal of Management Education, 30(1), 435-461.
  58. Nam, J. M.(2015). A Study between Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship education Outcomes: Focusing on Hackathon Education by transformational leadership effectiveness analysis, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.16972/APJBVE.10.1.201502.45
  59. O'Connor, J., Mumford, M., Clifton, T., Gessner, T., & Connelly, M.(1995). Charismatic leaders and destructiveness: An historiometric study, The Leadership Quarterly, 6, 529-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(95)90026-8
  60. Oh, H. A.(2016). An Effect of Authentic Leadership and Transformational Leadership on Job crafting:with Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Capital and Organizational Identification, Journal of Leadership, 8(4), 21-60.
  61. Park, J. M.(2013). Towards the Theory of CEO Leadership: A Conceptual Model based on Charismatic, Transformational and Transactional Leadership, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 13-17. https://doi.org/10.16972/apjbve.8.1.201303.13
  62. Peus, C., Wesche, J. S., Streicher, B., Braun, S., & Frey, D. (2012). Authentic leadership: An empirical test of its antecedents, consequences, and mediating mechanisms, Journal of Business Ethics, 107(3), 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1042-3
  63. Raelin, J.(2003). The myth of charismatic leaders, Training + Development, 57, 46-54.
  64. Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., & Cunha, M. P.(2014). Hope and positive affect mediating the authentic leadership and creativity relationship, Journal of Business Research, 67(2), 200-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.10.003
  65. Seligman, M. E.(1998). Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life, New York: Pocket Books.
  66. Shamir, B., House. R. J., & Arthur, M. B.(1993). The motivational effect of charismatic leadership: a self-concept based theory, Organization Science, 4(4), 577-594. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.4.577
  67. Shin, S. J., & Zhou, J.(2003). Transformational leadership, conservation, and creativity: Evidence from Korea., Academy of Management Journal, 46, 703-714. https://doi.org/10.2307/30040662
  68. Snyder, C. R., Irving, L. M., & Anderson, J. R.(1991). Hope and health, Handbook of Social and Clinical Psychology: The Health Perspective, 162, 285-305.
  69. Walumbwa, F., Avolio, B., Gardner, W., Wernsing, T., & Peterson, S.(2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure, Journal of Management, 34, 89-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913
  70. Wanberg, C. R., & Banas, J. T.(2000). Predictors and outcomes of openness to changes in a reorganizing workplace, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 132-142. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.132
  71. Woo, J. P.(2012). Structural Equation Model Concept and Understanding, Seoul: Han Na Rae.
  72. Woolley, L., & Caza, A.(2011). Authentic leadership and follower development: Psychological capital, positive work climate, and gender, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(4), 438-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051810382013
  73. Yoon, J. G.(2012). What is Authentic?, Seoul: Haneon.
  74. Yoon, J. G.(2015). A New Standard in Korean Leadership in the 21st Century: Authentic Leadership, Seoul: Raonbooks.
  75. Yoon, J. G., Kim, G. J., Hong, J. H., & Lee, J. A.(2011). The prospective research on authentic leadership in Korea, Journal of Leadership, 2, 3-26.
  76. Youssef, C. M., & Luthans, F.(2007). Positive organizational behavior in the workplace the impact of hope, optimism, and resilience, Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307305562
  77. Yukl, G.(1989). Managerial leadership: a review of theory and research, Yearly Review of Management, 15, 251-289.
  78. Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., Riggio, R. E., & Sosik, J. J.(2011). A theoretical consideration of the effect of transformational leadership on follower and group ethics, The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 801-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.07.004