Figure 1. The sequence between the two questions
Figure 2. Question for interpreting
Figure 3. Transforming the given representation into a different context
Figure 4. Questionfor evaluating
Figure 5. Drawing the features of observed phenomena
Figure 6. Drawing to present one’s scientific idea
Figure 7. Examples of inconsistent reponses between construction and evaluation of visual representation for shadow
Figure 8. Hierarchy diagram of VRC-T cognitive processes
Table 1. Structure of the survey questionnaire
Table 2. Analytical criteria for visual representation competence for shadow phenomenon
Table 3. Scores of visual representation competence for shadow phenomenon
Table 4. Responses on science knowledge test items
Table 5. Correlations among VRC-T cognitive processes and science knowledge on shadow
Table 6. Dichotomous binary response pattern
Table 7. Response matrix table
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