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Mitigating Contradictions: Elementary School Homeroom Teachers' Cooperation For Using Diversified Science Instructional Methods

모순 완화하기 -다양한 과학 수업 방법 사용을 위한 초등 담임교사들의 협력-

  • Received : 2019.01.28
  • Accepted : 2019.03.27
  • Published : 2019.04.30

Abstract

This study explores how an elementary school homeroom teacher who continued to lecture, can use diversified science teaching methods for learner-centered instruction. Using an auto-ethnographic approach over the course of a year, self-memory data, facebook diaries, class diaries, and interview data of an elementary teacher's day-to-day preparations and practice of elementary science, in the context of a Korean elementary school, were collected. The data was analyzed through cultural historical activity theory, examining how the interplay of key elements (i.e., the subject as a homeroom teacher with instructional expertise, norms, community, division of labor, tools, and goals) was characterized within and across distinct two-activity systems, and how these elements shaped the teacher's teaching methods into either lecture format or diversified teaching. The study revealed that a non-cooperative community, lack of division of labor, and norms that neglect preparation for science class were the elements that perpetuated the lecture format, and that a contradiction between goals and tools occurred in the activity system. However, these elements were able to be transformed into a cooperative community, shared labor, and norms that saved preparation time for both science class and diversified teaching methods, and those changed elements facilitated the teacher in using diversified teaching methods (e.g., experiments, subject-integrated classes, field work), thereby mitigating the contradiction. This study also discusses that diversified teaching methods can be facilitated when dealing with norms, community, and division of labor elements in an elementary school context as well as improving individual teachers' instructional expertise.

본 연구는 강의식 과학 수업 사용에 머물러 있었던 초등 담임교사가 어떻게 다양한 과학 수업 방법을 사용할 수 있게 되었는지를 탐색한 것이다. 자문화기술지 방법을 사용하여 초등 담임교사의 한 해 동안의 과학 수업 준비와 실행에 대한 자기 기억자료, 수업일지, 페이스북 일기, 인터뷰 자료가 데이터 분석을 위해 수집되었고, 수집된 데이터들은 문화 역사적 활동 이론을 통해 분석되었다. 연구자는 데이터를 통하여 활동 시스템 상에서 어떠한 핵심 요소(i.e. 행위자로서의 담임교사, 규범, 분업, 도구, 목표, 산출)들의 상호작용이 특징화되었고 이것들이 어떻게 교사의 수업 방법을 구체화시켜 나갔는지를 분석하였다. 이를 기반으로 본 연구는 첫째, 과학 수업 준비를 소홀히 하는 규범, 개별적인 공동체, 분업 없음의 요소들이 행위자인 초등교사의 수업을 강의식 수업만으로 이끌게 되었고, 이로 인해 모순이 발생하게 되었음을 밝혔다. 둘째, 기존의 규범, 공동체, 분업 요소가 과학 수업 준비시간을 절약하거나 다양한 수업을 준비하도록 하는 규범, 협력적인 공동체, 역할 분담의 분업 형태로 변화되면서 행위자의 수업 도구를 다양한 과학 교수 방법(i.e. 실험, 논변 수업, 교과 통합 수업, 현장 학습)으로 사용하도록 이끌었으며, 이를 통해 모순이 완화될 수 있었음을 보였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 초등 담임교사와 동료 교사들이 개인의 과학 수업 전문성을 키우는 것뿐만 아니라 학교 현장에서 다양한 과학 수업 방법 사용에 모순되는 규범, 공동체, 분업 요소를 잘 다루어 나갈 때 학습자 중심 수업이 촉진될 수 있음을 논의하였다.

Keywords

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Figure 1. An example about the class diary

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Figure 2. The activity system facilitating the use of lecture form method

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Figure 3. The facebook diary showing the burden of school paperwork

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Figure 4. The activity system facilitating the use of diversified teaching methods

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Figure 5. The class diary showing students’ interest during science class

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Figure 6. The facebook diary showing colleague homeroom teachers’ preparation for science experiment

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Figure 7. The facebook diary showing the usefulness of PPT materials

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Figure 8. The class diary showing the field work(Left) and the facebook diary showing the project-based learning(Right)

Table 1. An example of the coding process for categorization

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  1. 참여 촉진하기 - 초등학생들의 긍정적 정서 구성을 돕는 과학 전담 교사의 실천적 지식 - vol.38, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.15267/keses.2019.38.2.244