Screening for Fittest Miscellaneous Cereals for Reclaimed Land and Functionality Improvement of Sorghum bicolor Cultivated in Reclaimed Land

간척지 적응성 잡곡 선발 및 간척지 재배 수수의 기능성 향상 효과

Abstract

Genetic resources of 84 species of Setaria italica BEAUVOIS, Sorghum bicolor, and Panicum miliaceum were collected to select the adaptable miscellaneous cereals in Saemangeum reclaimed land. The adaptability of Sorghum bicolor in reclaimed land was the highest among the three cereals cultivated on reclaimed land. The ratio of the average height of Sorghum bicolor plants cultivated in reclaimed land/normal field was 0.82, that of Panicum miliaceum was 0.61, and that of Setaria italica BEAUVOIS was 0.51. Three species of Sorghum bicolor, Satangdajuk, Kkamansusu, and Nampungcharl, were selected as potential genetic resources as they had excellent adaptability to reclaimed land. The yield of Satandaejuk on reclaimed land was 229.4 kg/10a, and the yield ratio of reclaimed land/normal field was 89.3%. The yield of Kkamansusu was 227.4 kg/10a, with reclaimed land/normal field ratio of 87.8%, and yield of Nampungcharl was 239.6 kg/10a, and reclaimed land/normal field ratio of 86%. In order to study the salt tolerance of selected genetic resources, we conducted salinity test. Salinity tolerance of Sorghum bicolor species-Satangdajuk, Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl was excellent compared to that of the other cereals. Among these, Satandaejuk had to highest salt tolerance level. Polyphenols, flavonoids, and detoxification of free radical were also studied. The anti-diabetic property of the cereals was also analyzed by ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity. We confirmed that the functionality of 3 lines in reclaimed land had improved in all the functional analysis categories when compared to that with yield in the normal field. Polyphenol, an antioxidant, increased in the range of 2~26% when cultivated in reclaimed land and the flavonoid content also increased from 8.5 to 55.6%. DPPH elimination capability, the ability to scavenge harmful reactive oxygen, also increased from 16.7 to 47% when cultivated in reclaimed land. The anti-diabetic activity and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of selected Sorghum bicolor species-Satangdajuk, Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl also increased from 18.4 to 19.9% when cultivated on reclaimed land.

새만금 간척지에서 적응 가능한 잡곡자원을 선발하기 위하여 조, 기장, 수수 등 3종의 잡곡 유전자원 84종을 수집하였다. 수집 자원을 간척지에서 재배하면서 적응성을 검정한 결과 수수의 간척지 적응성이 가장 우수하였다. 대표적인 생육 요소인 초장의 간척지/일반지 비율을 측정한 결과 수수가 0.82로 간척지에서도 일반지에 비하여 크게 떨어지지 않는 생육상황을 보이는 것으로 확인되었고 기장은 0.61, 조는 0.51 순이었다. 수수자원 중 우수한 간척지 적응성을 가진 유전자원으로 까만수수, 사탕대죽, 남풍찰 3종이 선발되었다. 사탕대죽은 간척지 수량 229.4 kg/10a로 간척지/일반지 수량 비율이 89.3%이었으며 까만수수는 227.4 kg/10a로 간척지/일반지 수량 비율 87.8%를 나타내었고 남풍찰은 간척지에서의 수량이 일반지 수량의 86.0%인 239.6 kg/10a로 우수한 간척지 적응성 자원으로 선발되었다. 선발자원의 내염성 정도를 구명하기 위하여 포트에서 천일염을 사용하여 염농도를 1.0%까지 처리하고 지상부 및 지하부 생육과 광합성 능력 등을 검정한 결과 사탕대죽, 남풍찰, 까만수수 모두 높은 내염 정도를 가진 것으로 확인되었으며 가장 강한 내염성을 가진 수수 자원은 사탕대죽이었다. 간척지 생산 수수 자원의 기능성 향상을 확인하기 위하여 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 함량 그리고 유해 활성산소 제거능을 확인하였고 ${\alpha}$-glicosidase 억제 활성을 통하여 항당뇨 활성을 분석하였다. 기능성 분석 항목 모두에서 간척지 재배 생산물의 기능성이 일반지 생산물에 비하여 향상되는 것을 확인되었는데 항산화 성분인 폴리페놀은 간척지 재배 시 함량 증가율 범위가 2%~26%이었으며, 플라보노이드 함량은 8.5%~55.6%로 함량이 증가하였다. DPPH 소거능도 간척지 재배시 16.7%p~47.0%p 증가하여 유해 활성산소 제거능력도 향상되는 것을 알 수 있었다. ${\alpha}$-glicosidase 억제 활성도 선발자원별로 18.4%p~19.9%p 높아서 항당뇨 활성도 간척지 재배에서 증가하였다.

Fig. 1. Comparison of plant height of Setaria italica BEAUVOIS genetic resources cultivated in reclaimed land and normal fields in 2016 (first cultivation year).

Fig. 2. Seed yield of Setaria italica BEAUVOIS genetic resources at Saemangeum reclaimed land compared to yield of a standard variety (Samdachal) cultivated in normal field in 2016 (first cultivation year).

Fig. 3. Comparison of plant height of Panicum miliaceum genetic resources grown in reclaimed land and normal field in 2016 (first year of cultivation).

Fig. 4. Yield comparison of Panicum miliaceum genetic resources at Saemangeum reclaimed land with yield of a standard variety (Manhonhcharl) cultivated in normal field in 2016 (first year of cultivation).

Fig. 5. Comparison of plant height of Sorghum bicolor genetic resources cultivate on reclaimed land and normal field cultivation in 2016 (first year of cultivation).

Fig. 6. Yield comparison of Sorghum bicolor genetic resources at Saemangeum reclaimed land and a standard variety (Nampungchrl) cultivated in normal field in 2016 (first year of cultivation).

Fig. 7. Growth status of selected Sorghum bicolor genetic resources at Saemangeum reclaimed land.

Fig. 8. Comparison of harvested ears of selected Sorghum bicolor genetic resources in the second year (2017) cultivated in reclaimed land and normal field.

Fig. 9. Growth response of Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, and Satangdaejuk to salt treatment.

Fig. 10. Root growth of Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, and Satangdaejuk in response to salt treatment.

Fig. 11. Growth status of Satangdaejuk in response to salt treatment.

Fig. 12. Change in root weight of Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, Satangdaejuk, and Gumeunbitzarususu (control) to salt treatment.

Fig. 13. Photosynthetic activity of Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, and Satangdaejuk in response to salt treatment.

Fig. 14. Comparison of polyphenol content among Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, and Satangdaejuk cultivated on reclaimed land and normal field.

Fig. 15. Comparison of flavonoid contents in Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, and Satangdaejuk cultivated on reclaimed land and normal field.

Fig. 16. Comparison of DPPH elimination capacity in Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, and Satangdaejuk cultivated on reclaimed land and normal field.

Fig. 17. Comparison of α-glucosidase inhibition capacity in Kkamansusu, Nampungcharl, and Satangdaejuk cultivated between reclaimed land and normal field.

Table 1. Genetic resources of Setaria italica BEAUVOIS, Sorghum bicolor, and Panicum miliaceum for the selection of applicable genetic resources for reclaimed land.

Table 2. Chemical properties of reclaimed experiment soil based on experiment duration.

Table 3. Comparison of second year (2017) growth to first year (2016) growth of selected Setaria italica BEAUVOIS genetic resources on reclaimed land and normal field.

Table 4. Comparison of quantity and related factors of selected Setaria italica BEAUVOIS genetic resources in the second year (2017) cultivated on reclaimed land and normal field during the first year (2016).

Table 5. Comparison of growth status of selected Panicum miliaceum genetic resources cultivated in the second year (2017) on reclaimed land and normal field during the first year (2016).

Table 6. Comparison of yield and quantity factors in the second year (2017) of selected Panicum miliaceum genetic resources cultivated in reclaimed land and normal field cultivation during the first year (2016).

Table 7. Comparison of growth status of selected Sorghum bicolor genetic resources in the second year (2017) on reclaimed land and normal field during first year (2016).

Table 8. Comparison of yield and quantity factors of select Panicum miliaceum genetic resources in the second year (2017) cultivated on reclaimed land and normal field during first year (2016).

Table 9. Growth status of selected Sorghum bicolor genetic resources under saline conditions.