The Plant Pathology Journal

The Korean Society of Plant Pathology (한국식물병리학회)
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Crosstalk of Zn in Combination with Other Fertilizers Underpins Interactive Effects and Induces Resistance in Tomato Plant against Early Blight Disease

  • Awan, Zoia Arshad (Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab) ;
  • Shoaib, Amna (Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab) ;
  • Khan, Kashif Ali (Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab)
  • Received : 2019.01.02
  • Accepted : 2019.05.06
  • Published : 2019.08.01
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Abstract

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the integrated effect of zinc (Zn) with other nutrients in managing early blight (EB) disease in tomato. A pot experiment was carried out with basal application of the recommended level of macronutrients [nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK)] and micronutrients [magnesium (Mg) and boron (B)] in bilateral combination with Zn (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) in a completely randomized deigned in replicates. Results revealed that interactive effect of Zn with Mg or B was often futile and in some cases synergistic. Zn with NPK yield synergistic outcome, therefore EB disease was managed significantly (disease incidence: 25% and percent severity index: 13%), which resulted in an efficient signaling network that reciprocally controls nutrient acquisition and uses with improved growth and development in a tomato plant. Thus, crosstalk and convergence of mechanisms in metabolic pathways resulted in induction of resistance in tomato plant against a pathogen which significantly improved photosynthetic pigment, total phenolics, total protein content and defense-related enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)]. The tremendous increase in total phenolics and PAL activity suggesting their additive effect on salicylic acid which may help the plant to systemically induce resistance against pathogen attack. It was concluded that interactive effect of Zn (5.0 mg/kg) with NPK significantly managed EB disease and showed positive effect on growth, physiological and biochemical attributes therefor use of Zn + NPK is simple and credible efforts to combat Alternaria stress in tomato plants.

Keywords

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Fig. 1. Effect of zinc [Zn (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg)] with other plant nutrients on shoot attributes of tomato plants under the stress of Alternaria solani (AS) after 30 days of pathogen inoculation. Error bars indicate standard errors of the mean of three replicates. Values with different letters show a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) as determined by LSD-test.

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Fig. 2. Effect of zinc [Zn (2.5 & 5.0 mg/kg)] in combination with plant nutrients on root attributes of tomato plants under the stress of Alternaria solani (AS) after 30 days of pathogen inoculation. Error bars indicate standard errors of the mean of three replicates. Values with different letters show a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) as determined by LSD-test.

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Fig. 3. A schematic depiction of the interface and overlapping signaling pathways at the cellular level in tomato plants due to the basal application of Zn + NPK under Alternaria solani stress. To fight off pathogens, defense response triggers a battery of reactions including enhanced ROS production through downstream signaling by RBOHs localized at the plasma membrane, cytosolic MAPKs and others. ROS accumulation (H2O2) will diffuse into the cytosol and activate several plant defense responses including SA signaling and other phytohormones such as GA, JA & ET have a significant role during biotic stress tolerance in a tomato plant. However, ROS-scavenging systems (anti-oxidants) help to finally tune the ROS level. ROS, reactive oxygen species; SA, salicylic acid, GA, Gibberellic acid; JA, Jasmonic acid; ET, Ethylene; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Table 1. Treatments designed for the experiment

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Table 2. Disease rating scale for the assessment of early blight of tomato

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Table 3. Bilateral effect of Zn (2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg) with plant nutrients on disease incidence (DI) and percent severity index (PSI) in tomato plants inoculated with Alternaria solani (AS) at the 45th day after transplantation

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Table 4. Bilateral effect of zinc (Zn) levels with plant nutrients on physiological attributes in tomato plants inoculated with Alternaria solani (AS) after 15-D of transplantation

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Table 5. Bilateral effect of zinc (Zn) levels with plant nutrients on defense-related enzymes in tomato plants inoculated with Alternaria solani (AS) after 15-D of transplantation

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