DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Fabrication of a solid catalyst using coal fly ash and its utilization for producing biodiesel

  • Go, Young Wook (Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University) ;
  • Yeom, Sung Ho (Department of Biochemical Engineering, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
  • Received : 2018.01.11
  • Accepted : 2018.08.27
  • Published : 2019.12.27

Abstract

To recycle raw fly ash (RFA), a waste from thermal power plants, it was used to prepare solid catalysts which have many advantages compared with homogenous catalysts. When biodiesel was produced from soybean oil using RFA, only 1.2% of biodiesel conversion was obtained. A metal hydroxide, NaOH, KOH or $Ca(OH)_2$, was mixed with the acid-treated fly ash (ATFA), and the mixture was calcined at $700^{\circ}C$ for 3 h to prepare the solid catalyst. The solid catalyst prepared by mixing ATFA with NaOH, designated as SC-Na, showed a better performance than those prepared by mixing ATFA with KOH or $Ca(OH)_2$, respectively. The optimal mass ratio of ATFA with NaOH was 1:3, at which the proportion of $Na_2O$ increased to 60.2% in SC-Na, and 97.8% of biodiesel conversion was achieved under optimal reaction conditions (2 w% SC-Na relative to oil and 5 mL-methanol/g-oil at $50^{\circ}C$ for 4 h). Finally, a batch operation was repeatedly carried out to test the feasibility of reusing the solid catalyst, and more than 96% biodiesel conversion was stably achieved for the third round of operations. This study shows that RFA was successfully recycled to solid catalysts through a simple preparation method, and the solid catalyst was reused for the production of biodiesel with high conversion.

Keywords

References

  1. Pansuwan S, Yeom SH. Optimization of a two-step biodiesel production process comprised of lipid extraction from blended sewage sludge and subsequent lipid transesterification. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2016;21:551-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-016-0188-3
  2. Go YW, Yeom SH. Statistical analysis and optimization of biodiesel production from waste coffee grounds by a two-step process. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2017;22:440-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-017-0163-7
  3. Jeon DJ, Yeom SH. Two-step bioprocess employing whole cell and enzyme for economical biodiesel production. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2010;27:1555-1559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0263-y
  4. Kyeong JS, Yeom SH. Preparation of immobilized whole cell biocatalyst and biodiesel production using a packed-bed bioreactor. Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng. 2014;37:2189-2198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-014-1196-3
  5. Jeon DJ, Yeom SH. Comparison of methods for preventing methanol inhibition in enzymatic production of biodiesel. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2011;28:1420-1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0526-7
  6. Xiang Y, Wang L, Jiao Y. Ultrasound strengthened biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using modified coal fly ash as catalyst. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2016;4:818-824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.12.031
  7. Viriya-empikul N, Krasae P, Nualpaeng W, Yoosuk B, Faungnawakij K. Biodiesel production over Ca-based solid catalysts derived from industrial wastes. Fuel 2012;92:239-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.07.013
  8. Russbueldt BME, Hoelderich WF. New rare earth oxide catalysts for the transesterification of triglycerides with methanol resulting in biodiesel and pure glycerol. J. Catal. 2010;271: 290-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2010.02.005
  9. Maeng JH, Kim TY, Cho HN, Kim EY. Minimizing environmental impact of ash treatment in thermal power plants (II). Korea Environ. Inst. Rep. 2015;2015-02-02.
  10. Li Y, Liu C, Luan Z, et al. Phosphate removal from aqueous solutions using raw and activated red mud and fly ash. J. Hazard. Mater. 2006;137:374-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.02.011
  11. Pengthamkeerati P, Satapanajaru T, Chularuengoaksorn P. Chemical modification of coal fly ash for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solution. Fuel 2008;87:2469-2476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.013
  12. Wang S, Boyjoo Y, Choueib A, Zhu ZH. Removal of dyes from aqueous solution using fly ash and red mud. Water Res. 2005;39:129-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.09.011
  13. Wang S, Boyjoo Y, Choueib A. A comparative study of dye removal using fly ash treated by different methods. Chemosphere 2005;60:1401-1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.091
  14. Visa M. Synthesis and characterization of new zeolite materials obtained from fly ash for heavy metals removal in advanced wastewater treatment. Powder Technol. 2016;294:338-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.02.019
  15. Lee CH, Kam SK, Lee MG. Removal characteristics of Sr ion by Na-A zeolite synthesized using coal fly ash generated from a thermal power plant. J. Environ. Sci. Int. 2017;26:363-371. https://doi.org/10.5322/JESI.2017.26.3.363
  16. Zhang Q, Lin B, Hong J, Chang CH. Removal of ammonium and heavy metals by cost-effective zeolite synthesized from waste quartz sand and calcium fluoride sludge. Water Sci. Technol. 2017;75:587-597. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.508
  17. Xuan X, Yue C, Li S, Yao Q. Selective catalytic reduction of NO by ammonia with fly ash catalyst. Fuel 2003;82:575-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00321-6
  18. Khatri C, Rani A. Synthesis of a nano-crystalline solid acid catalyst from fly ash and its catalytic performance. Fuel 2008;87:2886-2892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.04.011
  19. Manique MC, Lacerda LV, Alves AK, Bergmann CP. Biodiesel production using coal fly ash-derived sodalite as a heterogeneous catalyst. Fuel 2017;190:268-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.016
  20. Bhandari R, Volli V, Purkait MK. Preparation and characterization of fly ash based mesoporous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2015;3: 906-914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.04.008
  21. Sarbak Z, Wachowiak MK. Porous structure of waste fly ashes and their chemical modifications. Powder Technol. 2002;123: 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-5910(01)00431-4
  22. Anuwattana R, Khummongko P. Conventional hydrothermal synthesis of Na-A zeolite from cupola slag and aluminum sludge. J. Hazard. Mater. 2009;166:227-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.11.020
  23. AOAC International. Official methods of analysis. 20th ed. George W, Latimer Jr., eds. Rockville: AOAC International; 2016.
  24. Rukunudin IH, White PJ, Bern CJ, Bailey TB. A modified method for determining free fatty acids from small soybean oil sample sizes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1998;75:563-568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-998-0066-z
  25. Babajide O, Musyoka N, Petrik L, Ameer F. Novel zeolite Na-X synthesized from fly ash as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production. Catal. Today 2012;190:54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2012.04.044
  26. Marchetti JM, Miguel VU, Errazu AF. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2007;11:1300-1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2005.08.006
  27. Freedman B, Butterfield RH, Pryde EH. Transesterification kinetics of soybean oil. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986;63:1375-1380.
  28. Phan AN, Phan TM. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils. Fuel 2008;87:3490-3496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.008
  29. Liu X, He H, Wang Y, Zhu S, Piao X. Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst. Fuel 2008;87:216-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.04.013
  30. Demirbas A. Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats. Energ. Convers. Manage. 2008;49:125-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.05.002
  31. Han X, Yan W, Hung CT, et al. Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel by tin-based Bronsted-Lewis acidic ionic liquid catalysts. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2016;33:2063-2072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0060-3
  32. Bhandari R, Volli V, Purkait MK. Preparation and characterization of fly ash based mesoporous catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2015;3:906-914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.04.008
  33. Wei Z, Xu C, Li B. Application of waste eggshell as low-cost solid catalyst for biodiesel production. Bioresour. Technol. 2009;100:2883-2885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.039

Cited by

  1. Characterization of Coal Fly Ash, Bottom Ash and their Possibilities as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production vol.904, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.904.413