Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Analysis of Environmental Factors and Change of Vascular Plant Species along an Elevational Gradients in Baekdansa, Mt. Taebaeksan National Park

태백산국립공원 백단사코스의 고도별 관속식물상 변화와 환경요인 분석

  • An, Ji-Hong (Baekdudaegan Biodiversity Conservation Division, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum) ;
  • Park, Hwan-Joon (Division of Restoration Research, National Institute of Ecology) ;
  • Lee, Sae-rom (Plant Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources) ;
  • Seo, In-Soon (Plant Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources) ;
  • Nam, Gi-Heum (Plant Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources) ;
  • Kim, Jung-Hyun (Plant Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources)
  • 안지홍 (국립백두대간수목원 백두대간종보존실) ;
  • 박환준 (국립생태원 복원연구실) ;
  • 이새롬 (국립생물자원관 식물자원과) ;
  • 서인순 (국립생물자원관 식물자원과) ;
  • 남기흠 (국립생물자원관 식물자원과) ;
  • 김중현 (국립생물자원관 식물자원과)
  • Received : 2019.05.29
  • Accepted : 2019.08.12
  • Published : 2019.08.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study generated a list of plants in eight sections from the Baekdansa ticket office (874m) to Cheonjedan (1,560m) divided in the interval of 100m above sea level to examine the species diversity patterns and distribution changes of the vascular plants at different altitudes in Taebaeksan National Park. Four site surveys found a total of 385 taxa: 89 families, 240 genera, 345 species, 5 subspecies, 34 varieties, and 1 form. A result of analyzing the change of species diversity along elevational gradients showed that it decreased with increasing elevation and then increased from a certain section. A result of analyzing habitat affinity types showed that the proportion of forest species increased with increasing elevation. On the other hand, the ruderal species appeared at a high rate in the artificial interference section. A result of comparing the proportion of woody and herb plants showed that the woody plants gradually increased with elevation and rapidly decreased in the artificial interference section. On the other hand, the herb plants showed the opposite trend. A result of analyzing the change of distribution of species according to altitude with the DCA technique showed that the vascular plants were divided into three groups according to the elevation in order on the I axis with the boundaries at 900m and 1,300m above sea level. The arrangement of each stand from right to left along the altitude on the I axis with a significant correlation with warmth index (WI) confirmed that the temperature change along the altitude could affect the distribution of vascular plants, composition, and diversity. Therefore, the continuous monitoring is necessary to confirm ecological and environmental characteristics of vegetation, distribution ranges, changes of habitat. We expect that the results of this study will be used as the basic data for establishing the measurement measures related to the preservation of biodiversity and climate change.

태백산국립공원의 고도별 관속식물의 종다양성 패턴 및 분포변화를 파악하기 위해 백단사매표소(874m)에서 천제단(1,560m)까지 해발 100m 단위로 등분하여 8개 구간에 대한 식물목록을 작성하였다. 총 4회에 걸쳐 현지조사를 실시한 결과 89과 240속 345종 5아종 34변종 1품종의 총 385분류군이 출현하였다. 고도별 종다양성의 변화를 분석한 결과, 고도가 높아짐에 따라 점차 감소하다가 특정 구간에서부터 다시 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 구간별 출현종의 생육지 유형을 분석한 결과, 고도가 높아짐에 따라 산림에 생육하는 종의 비율은 증가하였고, 교란지에 생육하는 종의 비율은 인위적 간섭이 높은 곳에서 높은 비율로 출현하였다. 구간별 목본식물과 초본식물이 각각 차지하는 비율을 비교한 결과, 목본식물의 경우 고도가 높아짐에 따라 점차 증가하다가 인위적 간섭이 높은 구간에서 큰 폭으로 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 초본식물의 경우 그 반대의 경향성을 나타냈다. DCA기법을 이용하여 출현종의 고도별 분포변화를 분석한 결과, I축상의 해발 900m와 1,300m를 경계로 3개의 그룹으로 구분되었다. 구간별 식분의 배치는 I축상의 오른쪽으로부터 왼쪽을 향해 고도에 따라 배열되었고, I축은 온량지수(WI)와 유의한 상관관계를 나타냄에 따라 고도에 따른 온도변화가 식물분포의 양상에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 기후변화로 인한 기온상승은 식물종의 수직 분포 한계선과 식물군락의 종조성 변화 및 다양성에 영향을 미칠 것으로 예측된다. 본 연구결과는 생물다양성의 보전과 기후변화에 따른 관리방안 마련을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Acharya, B.K., C. Basundhara and V. Lalitha(2011) Distribution pattern of trees along an elevation gradient of eastern Himalaya, India. Acta Oecologica 37(4): 329-3360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.03.005
  2. An, J.H., H.J. Park, G.H. Nam, B.Y. Lee, C.H. Park and J.H. Kim(2017) Vertical distribution of vascular plant species along an elevational gradients in the Gyebangsan area of Odaesan national park. Korean Society of Limnology 50(4): 381-402. (in Korean with English abstract)
  3. Baniya, C.B., T. Solhoy, Y. Gauslaa and M.W. Palmer(2012) Richness and composition of vascular plants and cryptogams along a high elevational gradient on Buddha Mountain, Central Tibet. Folia Geobotanica 47(2): 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12224-011-9113-x
  4. Bhuju, D.R. and M. Ohsawa(1999) Species dynamics and colonization patterns in an abandoned forest in an urban landscape. Ecology Research 14(2): 139-153. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.1999.00289.x
  5. Cho, H.S., G.T. Kim and G.C. Choo(2005) Studies on the Structure of forest community at the Danggol valley in Taebaeksan area, the Baekdudaegan. Korean Journal of Environment Ecology 19(1): 55-62. (in Korean with English abstract)
  6. Choi, D.K.(2009) Trilobite faunal assemblages of the Taebaeksan basin and their importance in reconstructing the early paleozoic paleogeography and paleoenvironments of Korean peninsula. Journal of Paleontological Society Korea 25(2): 129-148. (in Korean with English abstract)
  7. David S.P., B. Francesco, V. Fernando and A. Escudero(2016). Plant trait variation along altitudinal gradient in Mediterranean high mountain grassland: controlling the species turnover effect. PLosONE 10(3): e0118876. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118876
  8. Duarte, C.M.(1999) Method in comparative functional ecology. In: Handbook of functional plant ecology (Pugnaire, F. I. and F. Valladares, eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 1-8.
  9. Galan de Mera, A., M.A. Hagen and J.A. Vicente Orellana(1999) Aerophyte, a new life form in Raunkiaer’s classification. Journal of Vegetation Science 10: 65-68. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237161
  10. Grytnes, J.A. and O.R. Vetaas(2002) Species richness and altitude: a comparison between null models and interpolated plant species richness along the Himalayan altitudinal gradient, Nepal. American Naturalist 159(3): 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1086/338542
  11. Halpern, C.B.(1989) Early successional patterns of forest species: Interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology 70(3): 704-720. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940221
  12. Heaney, L.R.(2001) Small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in the Philippines: an assessment of patterns and hypotheses. Global Ecology and Biogeography 10(1): 15-39. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00227.x
  13. Hill, M.O. and H.G. Gauch(1980) Detrended correspondence analysis, an improved ordination technique. Vegtatio 42(1-3): 47-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048870
  14. Kessler, M.(2000) Elevational gradients in species richness and endemism of selected plant groups in the central Bolivian Andes. Plant Ecology 149(2): 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026500710274
  15. Kim, G.T. and G.J. Baek(1998) Studies on the Stand Structure of Taxus cuspidata Forest at Janggunbong Area in Taebaeksan. Korean Journal of Environment Ecology 12(1): 1-8. (in Korean with English abstract)
  16. Kim, J.S. and T.Y. Kim(2011) Woody plants of Korean Peninsula. Dolbegae, Paju, Korea, 716pp. (in Korean)
  17. Kim, S.Y.(2012) Syntaxonomy of Subalpine Vegetation in Korea. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Keimyung, Daegu, Korea. (in Korean with English abstract).
  18. Kim, Y.S., D.O. Lim, H.K. Oh and H.T. Shin(2002) Vascular plants of Taebaeksan, Hambaeksan, Geumdaebong(peak) and Maebongsan in the Baekdudaegan. Korean Journal of Environment Ecology 15(4): 293-318. (in Korean with English abstract)
  19. Kira, T.(1948) On the altitudinal arrangement of climatic zones in Japan. Kanti-Nogaku 2: 143-173. (in Japanese)
  20. Korea Fern Society(2005) Ferns and Fern Allies of Korea. Geobook, Seoul, Korea, 688pp. (in Korean)
  21. Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA)(2017) Climatological stand normal of Korea. http://www.kma.go.kr (in Korean)
  22. Korea National Park Research Institute(KNPS)(2017) Research of natural resources in Mt. Taebaeksan. Wonju, Korea, 893pp. (in Korean)
  23. Lande, R.(1982) A quantitative genetic theory of life history evolution. Ecology 63(3): 607-615. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936778
  24. Lee, B.Y., G.H. Nam, J.H. Yun, G.Y. Cho, J.S. Lee, J.H. Kim, T.S. Park, K.G. Kim and K.H. Oh(2010) Biological indicators to monitor responses against climate change in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 40(4): 202-207. https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2010.40.4.202
  25. Lee, B.Y., G.H. Nam, J.Y. Lee, C.H. Park, C.E. Lim, M.H. Lee, S.J. Lee, T.K. Noh, J.A. Lim, J.E. Han and J.H. Kim(2011a) National list of species of Korea (Vascular plants). National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon. Korea, 633pp. (in Korean)
  26. Lee, C.B. and H.H. Kim(2017) Elevational patterns and determinants of plant diversity on the Mt. Baekhwa, South Korea. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 51(4): 11-19. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2017.51.4.11
  27. Lee, C.B. and J.H. Chun(2016) Environmental drivers of patterns of plant diversity along a wild environmental gradient in Korean temperate forests. Forests 7(1), 19: 1-16.
  28. Lee, C.B., J.H. Chun and H.H. Kim(2013) Elevational pattern and determinants of ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ plant diversity on the ridge of the baekdudaegan mountains, South Korea. Journal of Agriculture & Life Science 48(3): 93-104. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.14397/jals.2014.48.3.93
  29. Lee, S.C., H.M. Kang, S.H. Choi, S.G. Park and C.Y. Yu(2016) The change of vegetation structure by slope and altitude in Taebaeksan provinical park. Korean Journal of Environment Ecology 30(3): 375-385. (in Korean with English abstract)
  30. Lee, T.B.(1980) Illustrated flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa, Seoul, Korea, 990pp. (in Korean)
  31. Lee, T.B.(2003) Coloured flora of Korea. Vol. I,II. Hyangmunsa, Seoul, Korea, 1928pp. (in Korean)
  32. Lee, W.T. and Y.J. Yim(1978) Studies on the distribution of vascular plants in the Korean peninsula. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 8(Appendix): 1-33. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.1978.8.1.001
  33. Lee, W.T.(1996a) Lineamenta florae Koreae. Academy Press, Seoul, Korea, 689pp. (in Korean)
  34. Lee, W.T.(1996b) Standard illustrations of Korean plants. Academy Press, Seoul, Korea, 624pp. (in Korean)
  35. Lee, Y.M., S.H. Park, S.Y. Jung, S.H. Oh and J.C. Yang(2011b). Study on the current status of naturalized plants in south Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy 41(1): 87-101. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.11110/kjpt.2011.41.1.087
  36. Lee, Y.N.(2006) New flora of Korea. Vol. I,II. Gyohaksa, Seoul, Korea, 1859pp. (in Korean)
  37. Li, J.S., Y.L. Song and Z.G. Zeng(2003) Elevational gradients of small mammal diversity on the northern slopes of Mt. Qilian, China. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12(6): 449-460. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822X.2003.00052.x
  38. Matteodo, M., W. Sonja, S. Veronika, R. Christian and V. Pascal(2013) Elevation gradient of successful plant traits for colonizing alpine summits under climate change. Environmental Research Letters 8(2): 1-10.
  39. McCain, C.M.(2009) Global analysis of bird elevation diversity. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18(3): 346-360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00443.x
  40. Miller, J.H., B.R. Jutter, S.M. Zedaker, M.B. Edwards and R.A. Newbold(1995) Early plant succession in lobololly pine plantations as affected by vegetation management. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19(3): 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/19.3.109
  41. National Institute of Biological Resources(NIBR)(2013) Endemic Species of Korea. Incheon, Korea, 921pp. (in Korean)
  42. National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER)(2012) A Guide to the 4th Natural Environment Research, Incheon. Korea, pp. 173-226. (in Korean)
  43. Oh, B.U., D.G. Jo, S.C. Ko, H.T. Im, W.K. Paik, G.Y. Chung, C.Y. Yoon, K.O. Yoo, C.G. Jang and S.H. Kang(2009) Distribution Maps of Vascular Plants of Korean Peninsula, VI. Central Province (Gangwon-do). Korea Forest Service, Daejeon, Korea. (in Korean)
  44. Oh, Y.C.(2006) Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fauna & Flora of Korea Vol. 41. Monocotyledoneae, Cyperaceae. Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Seoul, Korea, 446pp. (in Korean)
  45. Ohsawa, M.(1995) Latitudinal comparison of altitudinal changes in forest structure, leaf-type, and species richness in humid monsoon Asia. Vegetatio 121(1-2): 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00044667
  46. Oommen, M.A. and K. Shanker(2005) Elevational species richness patterns emerge from multiple local mechanisms in Himalayan woody plants. Ecology 86(11): 3039-3047. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1837
  47. Park, K.H., C.S. Cheong, K.S. Lee and H.W. Chang(1993) Isotopic composition of lead precambrian granitic rocks of the Taegaeg Area. Journal of the Geological Society of Korea 29(4): 387-395. (in Korean with English abstract)
  48. Pausas, J.G. and M.K. Austin(2001) Patterns of plant species richness in relation to different environments: an appraisal. Journal of Vegetation Science 12(2): 153-166. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236601
  49. Pellissier, L., B. Fournier, A. Guisan and P. Vittoz(2010) Plant traits co-vary with altitude in grassland and forests in the European Alps. Plant Ecology 211(2): 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-010-9794-x
  50. Rahbek, C.(1995) The elevational gradient of species richness: a uniform pattern? Ecography 18(2): 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00341.x
  51. Rahbek, C.(2005) The role of spatial scale and the perception of large-scale species-richness patterns. Ecology Letter 8(2): 224-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00701.x
  52. Ren, H.B., S.K. Niu, L.Y. Zhang and K.P. Ma(2006) Distribution of vascular plant species richness along an elevational gradient in the Dongling mountains, Beijing, China. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 48(2): 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00153.x
  53. Roh, B.H., K.H. Jeong and Y.H. Roh(2005) Visitors' satisfaction about snow sculptures of the Mt. Taebeck Snow Festival. Journal of Korean Society of Design Science 60(2): 91-100. (in Korean with English abstract)
  54. Rowe, R.J.(2009) Environmental and geometric drivers of small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in Utah. Ecography 32(3): 411-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2008.05538.x
  55. Sanders, N.J.(2002) Elevational gradients in ant species richness: Area, geometry, and Rapoport's rule. Ecography 25(1): 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250104.x
  56. Shin, H.T., J.W. Yoon, S.J. Kim, T.I. Heo, Y.H. Kwon, D.O. Lim and J.B. An(2015) Vascular plants in Mt. Taebaeksan (Taebaek-si), Korea. Korean Journal of Environment Ecology 29(3): 309-332. (in Korean with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2015.29.3.309
  57. Son, J.Y., D.Y. Jung and J.C. Kang(2004) A study on the participants' motivation of Taebaeksan Snow Festival. Journal of Hotel & Resort 3(2):193-205. (in Korean with English abstract)
  58. Virtanen, R. and M.J. Crawley(2010) Contrasting patterns in bryophyte and vascular plant species richness in relation to elevation, biomass and Soay sheep on St Kilda, Scotland. Plant Ecology & Diversity 3(1): 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2010.492403
  59. Wang, G.H., G.S. Zhou and L.M. Yang(2003) Distribution, species diversity and life form spectra of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the northern slopes of Qilianshan Mountains, Gansu, China. Plant Ecology 165(2): 169-181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022236115186
  60. Westoby, M.(1999) Generalization in functional plant ecology: the species sampling problem, plant ecology strategy schemes and phylogeny. pp. 847-872. In: Handbook of functional plant ecology (Pugnaire, F.I. and F. Valladares, eds.), New York, Marcel Dekker.
  61. Wilson, J.B.(1999) Guilds, functional types and ecological groups. Oikos 86(3): 507-522. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546655
  62. Yang, J.C., H.S. Hwang, H.J. Lee, S.Y. Jung, S.J. Ji, S.H. Oh and Y.M. Lee(2014) Distribution of vascular plants along the altitudinal gradient of Gyebangsan (Mt.) in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 7(1): 40-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.03.008
  63. Yang, Y.H., Y. N. Chen and W. H. Li(2009) Relationship between soil properties and plant diversity in an desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim river, Xinjiang, China. Arid Land Research and Management 23: 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324980903231991
  64. Yim, Y.J.(1977a) Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean Peninsula. III. Distribution of tree species along the thermal gradient. Japanese Journal of Ecology 27: 177-189.
  65. Yim, Y.J.(1977b) Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean Peninsula. IV. Zonal distribution of forest vegetation in relation to thermal climate. Japanese Journal of Ecology 27: 269-278.
  66. Zhang, W., D. Huang, R. Wang, J. Liu and N. Du(2016) Altitudinal patterns of species diversity and phylogenetic diversity across temperate mountain forests of Northern China. PLoS ONE 11(7): e0159995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159995