Journal of Ginseng Research

The Korean Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Korean Red Ginseng extract ameliorates melanogenesis in humans and induces antiphotoaging effects in ultraviolet B-irradiated hairless mice

  • Saba, Evelyn (Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Kim, Seung-Hyung (Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University) ;
  • Lee, Yuan Yee (Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Park, Chae-Kyu (R&D Headquarters, Korean Ginseng cooperation) ;
  • Oh, Jae-Wook (Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University) ;
  • Kim, Tae-Hwan (Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Kim, Hyun-Kyoung (5Department of Food Science and Engineering, Seowon University) ;
  • Roh, Seong-Soo (6 College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University) ;
  • Rhee, Man Hee (Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signalling, Kyungpook National University)
  • Received : 2019.03.12
  • Accepted : 2019.05.08
  • Published : 2020.05.15
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Panax ginseng is a marvelous herbal remedy for all ailments of body. That may be why it is called Panax, which means "cure for all". Melanin is a pigment that gives color to our skin; however, increased melanin production can lead to tumor formation. Human exposure to ultraviolet B radiation has increased extensively owing to the increased sunlight due to global warming. Consequently, a phenomenon called photoaging has been observed for all skin colors and types. As a result of this phenomenon, a set of enzymes called matrix metalloproteinases, which serve as degradation enzymes for extracellular matrix proteins, mainly collagen, is increased, causing depletion of collagen and resulting in early wrinkle formation. Methods: Therefore, in our study, we used the murine melanoma cell line B16/F10 to study the inhibition of melanogenesis by Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) extract in vitro and HRM-2 hairless mice exposed to artificial ultraviolet B to examine the efficacy of KRG in vivo. We prepared a 3% red ginseng extract cream and evaluated its effects on human skin. Results: Our results demonstrated that KRG induced potent suppression of tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16/F10 cells; moreover, it reduced the transcription and translation of components involved in the melanin production pathway. In the in vivo experiments, KRG potently suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, reduced wrinkle formation, and inhibited collagen degradation. On human skin, ginseng cream increased skin resilience and skin moisture and enhanced skin tone. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that KRG is an excellent skin whitening and antiaging product.

Keywords

References

  1. Brenner M, Hearing VJ. The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin. Photochem Photobiol 2008;84:539-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00226.x
  2. Kim DS, Jeong YM, Park IK, Hahn HG, Lee HK, Kwon SB, Jeong JH, Yang SJ, Sohn UD, Park KC. A new 2-imino-1,3-thiazoline derivative, KHG22394, inhibits melanin synthesis in mouse B16 melanoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2007;30:180-3. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.30.180
  3. Kim DS, Kim SY, Park SH, Choi YG, Kwon SB, Kim MK, Na JI, Youn SW, Park KC. Inhibitory effects of 4-n-butylresorcinol on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:2216-9. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.2216
  4. Kim HR, Kim H, Jung BJ, You GE, Jang S, Chung DK. Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum inhibits melanogenesis in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. Mol Cells 2015;38:163-70. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2015.2263
  5. Goldstein B. Ginseng: its history, dispersion, and folk tradition. Am J Chin Med (Gard City N Y) 1975;3:223-34. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X75000244
  6. Chevallier A. Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. St Leonards. New South Wales: Dorling kindersley pty limited; 1996.
  7. Kim BM, Kim DH, Park JH, Na HK, Surh YJ. Ginsenoside Rg3 induces apoptosis of human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells. J Cancer Prev 2013;18:177-85. https://doi.org/10.15430/jcp.2013.18.2.177
  8. Kim E-K, Lee J-H, Cho S-H, Shen G-N, Jin L-G, Myung C-S, Oh H-J, Kim D-H, Yun J-D, Roh S-S. Preparation of black panax ginseng by new methods and its antitumor activity. The Korea Journal of Herbology 2008;23:85-92.
  9. Saba E, Jeong DH, Roh SS, Kim SH, Kim SD, Kim HK, Rhee MH. Black ginsengenriched Chong-Myung-Tang extracts improve spatial learning behavior in rats and elicit anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. J Ginseng Res 2017;41:151-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.02.004
  10. Saba E, Kim S-H, Kim S-D, Park S-J, Kwak D-M, Oh J-H, Park C-K, Rhee MH. Alleviation of diabetic complications by ginsenoside Rg3-enriched red ginseng extract in western diet-fed LDLe/emice. J Ginseng Res 2017;42:352-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.004
  11. Saba E, Son Y, Jeon BR, Kim SE, Lee IK, Yun BS, Rhee MH. Acetyl eburicoic acid from laetiporus sulphureus var. miniatus suppresses inflammation in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Mycobiology 2015;43:131-6. https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.2.131
  12. Dai D, Zhang CF, Williams S, Yuan CS, Wang CZ. Ginseng on cancer: potential role in modulating inflammation-mediated angiogenesis. Am J Chin Med 2017;45:13-22. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x17500021
  13. Saba E, Jeon BR, Jeong DH, Lee K, Goo YK, Kim SH, Sung CK, Roh SS, Kim SD, Kim HK, et al. Black ginseng extract ameliorates hypercholesterolemia in rats. J Ginseng Res 2016;40:160-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.07.003
  14. Christensen LP. Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Adv Food Nutr Res 2009;55:1-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-4526(08)00401-4
  15. Song M, Mun JH, Ko HC, Kim BS, Kim MB. Korean red ginseng powder in the treatment of melasma: an uncontrolled observational study. J Ginseng Res 2011;35:170-5. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.170
  16. Cabanes J, Chazarra S, Garcia-Carmona F. Kojic acid, a cosmetic skin whitening agent, is a slow-binding inhibitor of catecholase activity of tyrosinase. J Pharm Pharmacol 1994;46:982-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1994.tb03253.x
  17. Bissett DL, Hannon DP, Orr TV. An animal model of solar-aged skin: histological, physical, and visible changes in UV-irradiated hairless mouse skin. Photochem Photobiol 1987;46:367-78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04783.x
  18. Cardiff RD, Miller CH, Munn RJ. Manual hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse tissue sections. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014;2014:655-8.
  19. Chang JY, Kessler HP. Masson trichrome stain helps differentiate myofibroma from smooth muscle lesions in the head and neck region. J Formos Med Assoc 2008;107:767-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(08)60189-8
  20. Ohguchi K, Tanaka T, Iliya I, Ito T, Iinuma M, Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Nozawa Y. Gnetol as a potent tyrosinase inhibitor from genus Gnetum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003;67:663-5. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.67.663
  21. Yokota T, Nishio H, Kubota Y, Mizoguchi M. The inhibitory effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and inflammation. Pigment Cell Res 1998;11:355-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.1998.tb00494.x
  22. Jablonska-Trypuc A, Matejczyk M, Rosochacki S. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the main extracellular matrix (ECM) enzymes in collagen degradation, as a target for anticancer drugs. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016;31:177-83. https://doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2016.1161620
  23. Englaro W, Bertolotto C, Brunet A, Pages G, Ortonne J-P, Ballotti R. Inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway triggers B16 melanoma cell differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998;273:9966-70. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.16.9966
  24. Tam I, Stepien K. Melanocytes-immunocompetent pigmented cells. Postepy Dermatologii I Alergologii 2007;24:188.
  25. Lee HJ, Lee WJ, Chang SE, Lee GY. Hesperidin, a popular antioxidant inhibits melanogenesis via erk1/2 mediated MITF degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:18384-95. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms160818384
  26. Hu YH, Liu X, Jia YL, Guo YJ, Wang Q, Chen QX. Inhibitory kinetics of chlorocinnamic acids on mushroom tyrosinase. J Biosci Bioeng 2014;117:142-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.07.002
  27. Masamoto Y, Ando H, Murata Y, Shimoishi Y, Tada M, Takahata K. Mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity of esculetin isolated from seeds of Euphorbia lathyris L. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2003;67:631-4. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.67.631
  28. Wu M, Hemesath TJ, Takemoto CM, Horstmann MA, Wells AG, Price ER, Fisher DZ, Fisher DE. c-Kit triggers dual phosphorylations, which couple activation and degradation of the essential melanocyte factor Mi. Genes Dev 2000;14:301-12.
  29. Tobin DJ. Introduction to skin aging. Journal of Tissue Viability 2017;26:37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtv.2016.03.002
  30. Helfrich YR, Sachs DL, Voorhees JJ. Overview of skin aging and photoaging. Dermatol Nurs 2008;20:177-83. quiz 184.
  31. Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, Voorhees JJ. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Archives of Dermatology 2002;138:1462-70.
  32. El-Domyati M, Attia S, Saleh F, Brown D, Birk D, Gasparro F, Ahmad H, Uitto J. Intrinsic aging vs. photoaging: a comparative histopathological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study of skin. Experimental Dermatology 2002;11:398-405. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.110502.x
  33. Brennan M, Bhatti H, Nerusu KC, Bhagavathula N, Kang S, Fisher GJ, Varani J, Voorhees JJ. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 is the major collagenolytic enzyme responsible for collagen damage in UV-irradiated human skin. Photochemistry and Photobiology 2003;78:43-8. https://doi.org/10.1562/0031-8655(2003)078<0043:MMITMC>2.0.CO;2
  34. Quan T, Qin Z, Xia W, Shao Y, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ. Matrix-degrading metalloproteinases in photoaging. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2009;14:20-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.2009.8
  35. Gillbro JM, Olsson MJ. The melanogenesis and mechanisms of skin-lightning agents-existing and new approaches. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011;33:210-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00616.x
  36. Romero-Graillet C, Aberdam E, Clement M, Ortonne J-P, Ballotti R. Nitric oxide produced by ultraviolet-irradiated keratinocytes stimulates melanogenesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1997;99:635. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI119206
  37. Wakabayashi Y, Nakajima H, Imokawa G. Abrogating effect of N-linked carbohydrate modifiers on the stem cell factor and endothelin-1-stimulated epidermal pigmentation in human epidermal equivalents. Journal of Dermatological Science 2013;69:215-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.11.590
  38. Mizoguchi M. Melanocyte development: with a message of encouragement to young women scientists. Pigment Cell Res 2004;17:533-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00163.x

Cited by

  1. Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Korean Red Ginseng Oil in an Ultraviolet B-Induced Hairless Mouse Model vol.25, pp.20, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204755
  2. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Phenolic Acid Extract Alleviates Ultraviolet B-Irradiation-Induced Photoaging in a Hairless Mouse Skin Photodamage Model vol.2021, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9962007
  3. Inhibitory Effect of Elaeagnus umbellata Fractions on Melanogenesis in α-MSH-Stimulated B16-F10 Melanoma Cells vol.26, pp.5, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051308
  4. Anti-Pigmentary Natural Compounds and Their Mode of Action vol.22, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126206
  5. Potential of natural products as radioprotectors and radiosensitizers: opportunities and challenges vol.12, pp.12, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1039/d1fo00525a
  6. Antimelanogenesis Effects of Theasinensin A vol.22, pp.14, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22147453