Journal of Environmental Science International (한국환경과학회지)

The Korean Environmental Sciences Society (한국환경과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Behavior Patterns during Upstream Migration of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus Keta) in the Lower Reaches of Yeon-gok Stream in Eastern Korea

연곡천 하류에서 소상하는 연어(Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta)의 이동특성

  • Kim, Beom-Sik (Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University) ;
  • Jung, Yong-Woo (Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University) ;
  • Jung, Hae-Kun (Fisheries Resources and Environment Research Division, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science) ;
  • Park, Joo-Myun (Dokdo Research Center, East Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, KIOST) ;
  • Lee, Cheul Ho (Industry Academy Cooperation Group, Gangneung-Wonju National University) ;
  • Lee, Chung Il (Department of Marine Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University)
  • 김범식 (강릉원주대학교 해양자원육성학과) ;
  • 정용우 (강릉원주대학교 해양자원육성학과) ;
  • 정해근 (국립수산과학원 동해수산연구소 자원환경과) ;
  • 박주면 (한국해양과학기술원 동해연구소 독도전문연구센터) ;
  • 이철호 (강릉원주대학교 산학협력단) ;
  • 이충일 (강릉원주대학교 해양자원육성학과)
  • Received : 2020.05.01
  • Accepted : 2020.08.11
  • Published : 2020.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study described the characteristics of the upstream migration of salmon (Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta) along Yeon-gok Stream in the eastern coastal region of Korea from October 24 to November 9, 2018 using radio tag and data storage tag loggers for the detection of the locations of tagged salmon and measurement of water temperature. Tracking experiments were conducted and classified into four types (case 1 to case 4) depending on the release time and the number of salmon tracked. Experiments from case 1 to case 3 were classified depending on the number of salmon tracked into cases in which a single tagged salmon was tracked (case 1), a pair of tagged salmon was tracked (case 2), and salmon were tracked by different sex ratios (case 3). Experiments from cases 1 to 3 were conducted between 10 AM and 1 PM, and case 4 was conducted after 3:30 PM. Salmon moved and spawned in the downstream region of the Yeon-gok, where water temperature is higher than in other rivers and salmon return in Canada, Russia, Japan, and the U.S.A. Most of the radio-tagged salmon swam in deep and shaded areas during the day but actively moved upstream close to sunset, regardless of the release time. Females showed relatively more active movements than males during upstream migration.

Keywords

References

  1. Akita, M., Makiguchi, Y., Nii, H., Nakao, K., Sandahl, J. F., Ueda, H., 2006, Upstream migration of chum salmon through a restored segment of the Shibetsu River. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 15, 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00153.x
  2. Allen, G. H., 1969, Catch-to-escapement ratios of fin-marked 1950-brood Puget Sound coho salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 98, 599-610. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1969)98[599:CROFBP]2.0.CO;2
  3. Barton, L. H., 1992, Tanana River, Alaska, fall chum salmon radio telemetry study, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Commercial Fisheries.
  4. Beall, E., de Gaudemar, B., 1999, Plasticity of reproductive behaviour in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar(Salmonidae) in relation to environmental factors(in French). Cybium, 23, 9-28.
  5. Berman, C. H., Quinn, T. P., 1991, Behavioral thermoregu-lation and homing by spring chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha(Walbaum), in the Yakima River. Journal of Fish Biology, 39, 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04364.x
  6. Bernatchez, L., Dodson, J. J., 1987, Relationship between bioenergetics and behavior in anadromous fish migrations, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 44, 399-407. https://doi.org/10.1139/f87-049
  7. Borba, B. M., Driscoll, R. J., Merriman, A. P., Hamazaki, T., 2017, Distribution and movement patterns of fall chum salmon in the upper Tanana River in 2007-2008, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Research and Technical Services.
  8. Brabets, T. P., Wang, B., Meade, R. H., 2000, Environmental and hydrologic overview of the Yukon River Basin, Alaska and Canada, Water-Resources Investigations Report, 99, 4204.
  9. Brett, R. J., 1995, Energetics. In Groot, C., L. Margolis, W. C. Clarke(eds), Physiological Ecology of Pacific Salmon, UBC Press, Vancouver, 1-68.
  10. Brown, R. J., Bickford, N., Severin, K., 2007, Otolith trace element chemistry as an indicator of anadromy in Yukon River drainage coregonine fishes, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 136, 678-690. https://doi.org/10.1577/T06-040.1
  11. Cederholm, C. J., Kunze, M. D., Murota, T., Sibatani, A., 1999, Pacific salmon carcasses: essential contributions of nutrients and energy for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, Fisheries, 24, 6-15.
  12. Choi, J. H., Jun, K. W., Yoon, Y. H., 2018, Hydraulic characteristic analysis for prevention of river disaster at estuary in the eastern coast of Korea, Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security, 11, 83-89. https://doi.org/10.21729/KSDS.2018.11.2.83
  13. Choi, Y. S., Lee, Y. H., Jin, D. H., 2003, Cloning and DNA sequences anaylsis of mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 3 from Korean chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 36, 94-99. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2003.36.2.094
  14. Dittman, A., Quinn, T., 1996, Homing in pacific salmon: mechanisms and ecological basis, Journal of Experimental Biology, 199, 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.83
  15. Ellis, D. V., 1966, Swimming speeds of sockeye and coho salmon on spawning migration, Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 23, 181-187. https://doi.org/10.1139/f66-017
  16. Esteve, M., 2005, Observations of spawning behavior in Salmoninae: Salmo, Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 15, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-005-7434-7
  17. Evans, D. M., 1994, Observations on the spawning behaviour of male and female adult sea trout, Salmo trutta L., using radiotelemetry, Fish Manage. Ecol. 1, 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.1970.tb00009.x
  18. Fleming, I. A., 1998, Pattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar), with comparisons to other salmonids, Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 55, 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1139/d98-009
  19. Gang, S. K., Yang, H., Lee, C. S., Choi, S. H, 2007, Stomach contents of Chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) fingerlings in Namdae stream, The Sea, 12, 86-93
  20. Gilbert, R., Desloges, J. R., Lamoureux, S. F., Serink, A., Hodder, K. R., 2006, The geomorphic and paleoenvironmental record in the sediments of Atlin Lake, northern British Columbia, Geomorphology, 79, 130-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.09.021
  21. Gilhousen, P., 1980, Energy sources and expenditures in Fraser River sockeye salmon during their spawning migration, Bull. Int. Pacific Salmon Fish. Comm. 22.
  22. Ha, K. H., Choi, K. H., Kim, J. W., 2009, Geomorpho-logical characteristics and salinity distribution of Yeongok estuary in Kangneung, Korea, Journal of the korean geomorphological association, 16, 89-100.
  23. Hendry, A. P., Beall, E., 2004, Energy use in spawning Atlantic salmon. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 13, 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2004.00045.x
  24. Hinch, S. G., Diewert, R. E., Lissimore, T. J., Prince, A. M., Healey, M. C., Henderson, M. A., 1996, Use of electromyogram telemetry to assess difficult passage areas for river‐migrating adult sockeye salmon, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 125, 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0253:UOETTA>2.3.CO;2
  25. Hinch, S. G., Rand, P. S., 2000, Optimal swimming speeds and forward-assisted propulsion: energy-conserving behaviors of upriver-migrating adult salmon, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57, 2470-2478. https://doi.org/10.1139/f00-238
  26. Hinch, S. G., Standen, E. M., Healey, M. C., Farrell, A. P., 2002, Swimming patterns and behavior of upriver-migrating adult pink(Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye(O. nerka) salmon as assessed by EMG telemetry in the Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada, In Aquatic Telemetry, 147-160.
  27. Hiyama, Y., 1967, A Preliminary experiment on the return of tagged chum salmon to the Otsuchi River, Japan. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 33, 18-19. https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.33.18
  28. Ishida, Y., Yano, A., Ban, M., Ogura, M., 2001, Vertical movement of a chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in the western North Pacific Ocean as determined by a depth-recording archival tag, Fisheries Science, 67, 1030-1035. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00358.x
  29. Iwata, M., Komatsu, S., 1984, Importance of estuarine residence for adaptation of chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) fry to seawater, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41, 744-749. https://doi.org/10.1139/f84-086
  30. Johnson, L., 1980, The arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus. In: Balon, E.K.(ed.), Charrs, Salmonid Fishes of the Genus Salvelinus, Dr. W. Junk, The Hague, 15-98.
  31. Johnson, O. W., Grant, W. S., Kope, R. G., Neely, K. G., Waknitz, F. W., Waples, R. S., 1997, Status review of chum salmon from Washington, Oregon, and California.
  32. Jung, W. S., Lee, Y. H., Kim, S. A., Jin, D. H., Seong, K. B., 2003, Genetic identification of the North Pacific Chum Salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) stocks, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 36, 578-585. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2003.36.6.578
  33. Jung, W. S., Lee, Y. H. Shin, H. C., Seong, K. B., Kim, S. A., 2001, Species Identification of the Chum Salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) and Pink Salmon(O. gorbuscha) by Use of Genetic Markers, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 4, 30-41.
  34. Kasugai, K., Torao, M., Nagata, M., Irvine, J. R., 2013, The relationship between migration speed and release date for chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry exiting a 110-km northern Japanese river, Fisheries science, 79, 569-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-013-0615-8
  35. Kim, G. E., Kim, C. G., Lee, Y. H., 2007, Genetic similarity-dissimilarity among Korea Chum salmons of each stream and their relationship with Japan salmons, The Sea, 12, 94-101.
  36. Kim, J. H., 2007, Use of parasites for stock analysis of salmonid fishes, The Sea, 12, 112-120.
  37. Kim, K. H., Joo, K. H., Quan, F. S., Rim, H. J., 1990, Infection state and classification of anisakid larvae in salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) which caught from Taep'o Port, Kang-won-do, Journal of agricultural medicine and community health, 15, 89-96.
  38. Kim, S. A., Kang, S. K., Seo, H. J., Kim, E. J., Kang, M. H., 2007, Climate variability and chum salmon production in the North Pacific, The Sea, 12, 61.
  39. Kim, S. A., Lee, C. S., Kang, S. K., 2007, Present status and future prospect in salmon research in Korea, The Sea, 12, 57.
  40. Kim, S. K., Seong, K. B., Lee, C. S., Kim, Y. D., Kim, W. K., Jo, Q. T., Gong, Y. G., 2008, Biochemical characteristics of three migratory populations of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, spawning in Korea, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41, 182-187. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2008.41.3.182
  41. Kim, Y. J., Lee, O. M., 2011, The phytoplankton community of Namdae-stream, Yeongok-stream and of Sacheon-stream in Gangwon-do, Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment, 20, 281-297. https://doi.org/10.14249/EIA.2011.20.3.281
  42. Klovach, N. V., El'nikov, A. N., 2013, Structure of spawning school of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta from Olutorsky Bay of the Bering Sea(Northeastern Kamchatka), Journal of ichthyology, 53, 720-730. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945213060040
  43. Kondolf, G. M., Wolman, M. G., 1993, The sizes of salmonid spawning gravels, Water Resources Research, 29, 2275-2285. https://doi.org/10.1029/93WR00402
  44. Kovach, R. P., Ellison, S. C., Pyare, S., Tallmon, D. A., 2015, Temporal patterns in adult salmon migration timing across southeast Alaska, Global change biology, 21, 1821-1833. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12829
  45. Kuechle, V. B., Kuechle, P. J., 2012, Radio telemetry in fresh water: the basics, Telemetry techniques: A users guide for fisheries research. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
  46. Kuzishchin, K. V., Gruzdeva, M. A., Savvaitova, K. A., Pavlov, D. S., Stanford, J. A., 2010, Seasonal races of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta and their interrelations in Kamchatka Rivers, Journal of Ichthyology, 50, 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0032945210020037
  47. Kwon, O. N., Kim, J. K., Yoon, M. G., Kim, D. H., Hong, K. E., 2014, Marine prey selectivity of released juvenile chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) during arly marine migration in Korean waters, Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education, 26, 421-429. https://doi.org/10.13000/JFMSE.2014.26.2.421
  48. Lee, C. S., Choi, S. S., Park, S. D., Park, K. Y., 1997, A Fishway information system of the coast at Kangwondo, Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society, 21-24.
  49. Lee, H. S., Seong, K. B., Lee, C. H., 2007, History and status of the chum salmon enhancement program in Korea, The Sea, 12, 73-80.
  50. Lee, K. Y., Lee, H. K., Oh, Y. K., Kim, J. C., Choi, J. S., 2018, Disturbance of fish community and discontinuity of Inspection of river continuity in Yangynag Namdae stream, Korea. Journal of the Environment, 13, 17-30.
  51. Lee, Y. H., 2000, Evolution of sea urchin Strongy-locentrotus intermedius based on DNA sequences of a mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, The Sea, 5, 157-168.
  52. Lucas, M. C., Baras, E., 2000, Methods for studying spatial behavior of freshwater fishes in the natural environment, Fish and fisheries, 1, 283-316. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00028.x
  53. Makiguchi, Y., Konno, Y., Konishi, K., Miyoshi, K., Sakashita, T., Nii, H., Ueda, H., 2011, EMG telemetry studies on upstream migration of chum salmon in the Toyohira River, Hokkaido, Japan, Fish physiology and biochemistry, 37, 273-284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-011-9495-y
  54. Makiguchi, Y., Nii, H., Nakao, K., Ueda, H., 2007, Upstream migration of adult chum and pink salmon in the Shibetsu River, In Developments in Fish Telemetry, 43-54.
  55. Makiguchi, Y., Nii, H., Nakao, K., Ueda, H., 2008, Migratory behavior of adult chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, in a reconstructed reach of the Shibetsu River, Japan, Fisheries Management and Ecology, 15, 425-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2008.00632.x
  56. McPhee, M. V., Quinn, T. P., 1998, Factors affecting the duration of nest defense and reproductive lifespan of female sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, Environ-mental Biology of Fishes, 51, 369-375. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007432928783
  57. Mellas, E. J., Haynes, J. M., 1985, Swimming performance and behavior of rainbow trout(Salmo gairdneri) and white perch(Morone americana): effects of attaching telemetry transmitters, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42, 488-493. https://doi.org/10.1139/f85-066
  58. Min, H. O., Park, I. M., Song, H. S., 2017, Effects of extraction method on anserine, protein, and iron contents of salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) extracts, Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 46, 220-228. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2017.46.2.220
  59. Min, H. O., Song, H. S., 2019, Antioxidant effect of anserine extracted from salmon(Oncorhynchus keta), Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety, 34, 396-403. https://doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2019.34.4.396
  60. Miyoshi, K., Hayashida, K., Sakashita, T., Fujii, M., Nii, H., Nakao, K., Ueda, H., 2014, Comparison of the swimming ability and upstream-migration behavior between chum salmon and masu salmon, Canadian journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 71, 217-225. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0480
  61. Morbey, Y., 2000, Protandry in pacific salmon, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 57, 1252-1257. https://doi.org/10.1139/f00-064
  62. Morbey, Y. E., Ydenberg, R. C., 2003, Timing games in the reproductive phenology of female Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), The American Naturalist, 161, 284-298. https://doi.org/10.1086/345785
  63. Myeongju-gun, 1990, A Report on the schematic design for the River improvement in Yeon-gok Stream, Gangneung-si, Korea
  64. Myoung, J. G., Hong, K. P, Kim, Y. U., 1993c, Comparison of the morphometric characters of Chum Salmon, Oncorhynchus keta in Six Rivers Located on the East Coast of Korea, Ocean and Polar Research, Ocean research 15, 109-122.
  65. Myoung, J. G., Kim, Y. U., 1993a, Morphological study of Oncorhynchus spp.(Pisces : Salmonidae) in Korea- I Egg development and morphology of alevin, fry and smolt of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, Korean journal of Ichthyology, 5, 53-67.
  66. Myoung, J. G., Kim, Y. U, 1993b, Morphological study of Oncorhynchus spp.(Pisces : Salmonidae) in Korea- II Osteological development of chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta in alevin, fry and smolt stage, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 5, 68-84.
  67. Myoung, J. G., Kim, Y. U., 1996, Morphological study of Oncorhynchus spp. in Korea-V. comparison of skeletal characters of chum salmon O. keta, masu salmon O. masou and rainbow trout O. mykiss, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 29, 208-229.
  68. Newton, M. P., 2016, The effect of in-stream structures on the freshwater migration of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)(Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow).
  69. NPAFC, 2019, NPAFC Statistics: Description of Pacific Salmonid Catch and Hatchery Release Data Files, https://npafc.org.
  70. Park, C. K., Souh, S. B., Lee, E. H., 1996, Studies on the Extractive Nitrogenous Constituents of Chum Salmon, Oncorhynchus keta in Korea, Korean journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 29, 51-63.
  71. Park, S. D., Lee, S. K., Kim, H. S., Kim, G. T., Shin, S. S., 2009, Monitoring of experimental watershed for flow impingement in mountain Rivers, Korean society of civil engineers magazine.
  72. Peirce, J. M., Otis, E. O., Wipfli, M. S., Follmann, E. H., 2013, Interactions between brown bears and chum salmon at McNeil River, Alaska. Ursus, 24, 42-53. https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-12-00006.1
  73. Piston, A. W., Heinl, S. C., 2012, Hatchery chum salmon straying studies in Southeast Alaska, 2008-2010, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Research and Technical Services.
  74. Quinn, T. P., Foote, C. J., 1994, The effects of body size and sexual dimorphism on the reproductive behavior of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka. Animal behavior.
  75. Seeb, L. W., Crane, P. A., Kondzela, C. M., Wilmot, R. L., Urawa, S., Varnavskaya, N. V., Seeb, J. E. 2004, Migration of pacific rim chum salmon on the high seas: insights from genetic data, In Genetics of Subpolar Fish and Invertebrates, 21-36.
  76. Seo, H. J., Kang, S. K., Kohei M., Masahide K., 2011, Long-term variation in the relative abundance and body size of pacific salmon Oncorhynchus species, Korean journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 44, 717-731. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2011.0717
  77. Seo, H., Kim, S., Seong, K., Kang, S., 2006, Variability in scale growth rates of chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) in relation to climate changes in the late 1980s, Progress in Oceanography, 68, 205-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2006.02.003
  78. Seong, K. B., Kim, J. K., 2007, The relationship between environmental conditions and growth of chum salmon fingerlings, The Sea, 12, 81-85.
  79. Sohn, D., Kang, S., Kim, S., 2005, Stock identification of chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta) using trace elements in otoliths, Journal of Oceanography, 61, 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-005-0041-3
  80. Tanaka, H., Takagi, Y., Iwata, M., Naito, Y., 1998, The behavior and ambient temperature of homing Chum salmon monitored by a data logger, 19th Symposium on Polar Biology, 62-73.
  81. Tautz, A. F., Groot, C., 1975, Spawning behavior of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32, 633-642. https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-081
  82. Thorpe, J. E., 1988, Salmon migration, Science Progress (1933-), 345-370. https://doi.org/10.3184/003685012X13504990668392
  83. Thorstad, E. B., Okland, F., Aarestrup, K., Heggberget, T. G., 2008, Factors affecting the within-river spawning migration of Atlantic salmon, with emphasis on human impacts, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 18, 345-371. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-007-9076-4
  84. Thorstad, E. B., Rikardsen, A. H., Alp, A., Okland, F., 2013, The use of electronic tags in fish research-an overview of fish telemetry methods, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13, 881-896.
  85. Tiegs, S. D., Levi, P. S., Rüegg, J., Chaloner, D. T., Tank, J. L., Lamberti, G. A., 2011, Ecological effects of live salmon exceed those of carcasses during an annual spawning migration, Ecosystems, 14, 598-614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-011-9431-0
  86. Tsuda, Y., Kawabe, R., Tanaka, H., Mitsunaga, Y., Hiraishi, T., Yamamoto, K., Nashimoto, K., 2006, Monitoring the spawning behavior of chum salmon with an acceleration data logger, Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 15, 264-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00147.x
  87. Urawa, S., Sato, S., Crane, P. A., Agler, B., Josephson, R., Azumaya, T., 2009, Stock-specific ocean distribution and migration of chum salmon in the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean, N. Pac. Anadr. Fish Comm. Bull, 5, 131-146.
  88. Urawa, S., Ueno, Y., Ishida, Y., Seeb, L. W., Crane, P. A., Abe, S., Davis, N. D., 2001, A Migration model of Japanese chum salmon during early ocean life, NPAFC Technical Report 2, 45-46.
  89. Yangyang-gun, 2002, Yangyang Namdaecheon Stream River improvement plan report, 11-4350000-000007-14, Yangyang-gun, Korea.
  90. Yeo, I. K., Choe, M. K., 1998, Effects of starvation and feeding frequency on growth of juvenile chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta, Journal of aquaculture, 11(3), 363-369.
  91. Yoon, J. M., Oh, Y. S., Kim, G. W., Park, H. Y., 1997, Ultrastructures of Sperm, gonadal sex differentiation in chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta), Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction(Korea Republic), 21, 311-319.
  92. Yoon, S. O., Hwang, S. I., Lee, G. R., 2007, Geomorphic evolution of fluvial terraces at Yeongdong, Yeongseo Streams in Gangwon province, Korea, Journal of the Korean Geographical Society, 42, 388-404.
  93. Yoon, Y. Y., Kim, H. S., 2004, Effect of typhoon 'Rusa' on the natural Yeon-gok Stream and coastal ecosystem in the Yeong-Dong province, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy, 7, 35-41.
  94. Zhang, C. I., Sohn, M. H., Seong, K. B., Park, I. S., 1995, Yolk absorption and growth of churn salmon, Oncorhynchus keta alevin, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 28, 539-548.