한국산학기술학회논문지 (Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society)

  • 제21권9호
  • /
  • Pages.536-547
  • /
  • 2020
  • /
  • 1975-4701(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-4688(eISSN)
한국산학기술학회 (The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

청소년의 스마트폰 중독과 우울, 자아존중감 및 정량 뇌파를 활용한 자기조절력의 관계

The relationship between smartphone addiction and depression, self-esteem, and self-regulation using quantitative EEG in adolescents

  • 원희욱 (서울 불교대학원대학교 뇌인지과학과) ;
  • 김귀엽 (강남대 대학원 교육상담학과) ;
  • 김유진 (숭실대학교 글로벌미래교육원 심리학과) ;
  • 황준성 (서울 불교대학원대학교 뇌과학연구소) ;
  • 이현이 (한국정보화진흥원 스마트쉼센터)
  • Weon, Hee-Wook (Division of Brain & Cognitive Science, Seoul University of Buddhism) ;
  • Kim, Gui-Yub (Education Counseling, Graduate School of Gangnam University) ;
  • Kim, You-Jin (Soongsil University Global Future Education Center) ;
  • Hwang, Joon-Sung (Institute of Brain Science, Seoul University of Buddhism) ;
  • Lee, Hyun-Yi (Internet Addiction Prevention Center, National Information Society Agency)
  • 투고 : 2020.07.10
  • 심사 : 2020.09.04
  • 발행 : 2020.09.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

본 연구는 청소년의 스마트폰 중독과 우울, 자아존중감 및 자기조절력의 상관관계를 정량 뇌파 분석을 통해 규명하고자 시행되었다. 연구기간은 2019년 3월 19일부터 7월 12일까지였으며, 경기도 P 중학교에서 일반군 47명, 스마트폰 중독 주의위험군 29명을 대상으로 구조화된 설문지와 정량 뇌파를 활용하여 측정한 자기조절력 자료 76부를 분석하였다. 자료는 IBM SPSS/WIN 21.0 프로그램을 활용, 빈도분석 및 독립-t 검증, 상관관계분석, 경로분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 스마트폰 중독은 우울에 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 둘째, 스마트폰 중독은 자아 존중감 및 α파와 부의 상관관계를 보였다. 셋째, 우울은 자아존중감과 부의 상관관계를 보였고, 자아존중감은 자기 조절력과 유의한 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 우울은 주의위험군이 일반군보다 높게 나타났고, 자아존중감은 일반군이 주의위험군보다 높았다. 자기 조절력은 일반군이 주의위험군보다 높게 나타나 모든 변수에서 집단 간 차이를 보였다. 다섯째, 자기조절력의 하위요인인 α파는 일반군이 주의위험군보다 높게, SMR도 일반군이 주의위험군보다 높게 나타났다. 여섯째, 경로분석 결과, α파가 스마트폰에 부적 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구결과는 스마트폰 중독의 객관적 평가를 위해 정량화 분석을 활용한 뇌과학적 접근방법을 적용함으로써 상담과 교육 현장에서 스마트폰 중독의 예방을 위한 상담 프로그램 개선 및 개발의 근거를 제시하였다.

This study analyzed the correlation between adolescents' smartphone addiction as well as depression, self-esteem, and self-regulation based on QEEG (Quantitative Electroencephalogram) analysis. The study period was from March 19 to July 12, 2019, and the subjects were 76 students at P Middle School in Gyeonggi-do (normal group 47, risk group 29) who filled out a questionnaire and were subjected to quantitative EEG. The data analysis was performed via frequency analysis, independent t-test, correlation analysis, and path analysis of the IBM SPSS Statics 21.0 program. First, smartphone addiction had a positive correlation with depression. Second, smartphone addiction showed a negative correlation with self-esteem and α wave. Third, depression showed a negative correlation with self-esteem, which did not show a significant correlation with self-regulation. Fourth, depression was higher in the risk group than the normal group. For self-esteem, the normal group scored higher than the risk group. Self-regulation showed higher significant differences with the normal group than the risk group. Fifth, for α wave and SMR, the normal group scored higher than the risk group. Sixth, α waves had a negative effect on smartphone addiction. This study is meaningful in that it applied a brain science approach using quantitative analysis for objective evaluation of smartphone addiction.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. YTN science, [Magnifying glass] Smartphone and 4thindustry [Internet]. YTN science [cited 2018 Dec 24],Available From https://m.science.ytn.co.kr/view.php?s_mcd=0082&key=201812241634368351 (accessed July 1, 2020)
  2. Korea Information Society Agency, 2019 Internet (smartphone) dependence survey, Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2020.
  3. L. F. Whaley, D. L. Wong, Essential of pediatric nursing (5th ed.). p.1-19, St. Louis: Mosby, 1997.
  4. T. Desjardins, B. J. Leadbeater, "Changes in parental emotional support and psychological control in early adulthood: Direct and indirect associations with educational and occupational adjustment", Emerging Adulthood, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 177-190, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167696816666974
  5. H. Y. Lee, Y. S. Kim. "Parenting Attitude and Over Dependence on Smart Phone Among Middle School Students: Mediating Effect of Basic Psychological Needs", Journal of the Korea Contents Association, vol.18, no.12, pp. 62-74, 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2018.18.12.062
  6. M. Pelkonen, M. Marttunen, and H. Aro, "Risk for depression: a 6-year follow up of Finnish adolescents", Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 77, No. 3, pp. 41-51, 2003. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00098-8
  7. M. Rosenberg, Society and the Adolescent Self-Image: Conceiving the Self. p.16-37, NY: Basic Books Inc, 1979.
  8. S. Harter, Cause and consequences of low self-esteem in children and adolescents. In R.F. Baumeister(Ed.), Self-Esteem: The Puzzle of Low Self-Regard. pp. 87-116, NY: Plenum Press, 1993. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8956-9_5
  9. M. R. Lee, "Relationships of self-esteem with family-, friend-, school-, leisure-, and job-related variables in early adolescence: Focusing on positive and negative self-evaluations", Studies on Korean youth, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 263-293, 2005.
  10. H. S. Lee, "Effects of Self Esteem, Impulsive Behavior and Mental Health on Cellular Phone Addiction of Adolescents", Journal of the Korea Contents Association, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 200-210, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2014.14.06.200
  11. H. J. Park, E. S. Choi, "Smartphone Addiction and Depression: The Mediating Effects of Self-esteem and Resilience among Middle School Students", J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 280-290, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12799/jkachn.2017.28.3.280
  12. H. S. Kim, Effects of Adolescents' Smartphone Addiction on Depression, Anxiety and Aggressiveness, Doctoral dissertation, Seoul Venture University, Seoul, Korea, pp. 105-115, 2016.
  13. B. K. Seo, S. S. Cha, "The Effects of Depression of University Students on Smartphone Dependence: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Self-efficacy.", Journal of the Korea Contents Association, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 478-486, 2020. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2020.20.02.478
  14. healthinnews, Social media to make teenage girls sickwith depression [Internet]. www.healthinnews.co.kr[cited 2020 Jan 22], Available From http://www.healthinnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=12529 (accessed July 1, 2020)
  15. H. J. Woo, "A Study on the Influence of Mobile Phone Users' Self-Traits on Mobile Phone Addiction Focusing on Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Control", Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 391-427, 2007.
  16. M. J. Kang, M. S. Lee, "The association of depression and Suicidal behaviors with smartphone use among Kordan adolescents", Journal of Health Education and Health Promotion, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 147-158, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14367/kjhep.2014.31.5.147
  17. kindernews, Teenagers suffering from 'depression'...increased 65% last 2 years [Internet]. kindernews.net[cited 2019 Oct 15], Available From http://www.kindernews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=1662 (accessed July 1, 2020)
  18. H. S. Lee, J. W. Oak, "Effects of Impulsive Behavior, Self Esteem, and Depression on School Adjustment of Adolescents", Journal of the Korea Contents Association, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 438-446, 2012. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2012.12.01.438
  19. H. K. Kang, "Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem on the Relationship between Attachment and Depression in Adolescents", Journal of the Korea Contents Association, Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 353-362, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2017.17.09.353
  20. H. J. Park, The Effect of Self-esteem and Resilience on Depression due to Smartphone Addiction Tendency of middle school students, Master's thesis, Kyungpook National University Graduate School, Daegu, Korea, pp. 24, 2015.
  21. The ScienceTimes, Smartphone addiction, brain isdangerous [Internet]. The ScienceTimes [cited 2017Dec 1], Available From: https://www.sciencetimes.co.kr/news/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8%ED%8F%B0-%EC%A4%91%EB%8F%85-%EB%87%8C%EA%B0%80-%EC%9C%84%ED%97%98%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4/ (accessed July 1, 2020)
  22. A. Anand, and A. Shekhar, "Brain imaging studies in mood and anxiety disorders", Annals of the NewYork Academy of Sciences, Vol. 985 No. 1, pp. 370-388, 2003. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07095.x
  23. A. A. Salari, A.Bakhtiari, and J. R. Homberg, "Activation of GABA-A receptors during postnatal brain development increases anxiety-and depression-related behaviors in a time-and dose-dependent manner in adult mice.", European Neuropsychopharmacology, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 1260-1274, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.022
  24. Y. S. Choi, Effects of NeuroFeedback Self-Regulated Training on Self-Efficacy, Master's Thesis, Pusan National University Graduate School, Pusan, Korea, pp. 2, 2009.
  25. S. G. Ahn, "Research on the Effect of Neurofeedback Training on Self Directed Learning Ability of Middle Student", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 12(8), pp. 3486-3491, 2011. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2011.12.8.3486
  26. O. B. Roh, C. N. Son, T. W. Park, S. K. Park, "The Effects of Neurofeedback Training on Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity in Children with ADHD", The Koraen Journal of clinical Psychology, vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 391-418, 2011. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2011.30.2.003
  27. H. W. Weon, J. Y. Lim, H. K. Son, M. A. Kim, "The Effects of the Neurofeedback training on the General health status, Mental health and problem behavior, and Brain function quotient among High school students", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol. 14, No. 12, pp. 6309-6316, 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2013.14.12.6309
  28. L. Thompson and M. Thompson, "Neurofeedback combined with training in metacognitive strategies: effectiveness in students with ADD", Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 243-263, 1998. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022213731956
  29. S. H. Kang, The Effect of Exercise Type on High School Students' Brainwaves and Stress Hormones Depending on Their Game Addiction Level, Doctoral dissertation, Hanyang University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea, pp. 1-63, 2015.
  30. S. Y. Chung, H. J. Yoon, "Analysis of Electroencephalogram Electrode Position and Spectral Feature for Emotion Recognition", Journal of the Industrial Management Systems Society, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 64-70, 2012.
  31. H. W. Weon, "Comparison of QEEG between EEG asymmetry and Coherehnce with elderly people according to smart_phone game Addiction Tendency", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol. 18, No. 11, pp. 644-652, 2017. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.11.644
  32. K. Demirci, M. Akgonul, A. Akpinar. "Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students", Journal of behavioral addictions, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 85-92, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
  33. M. X. Zhang and A. M. Wu. "Effects of smartphone addiction on sleep quality among chinese university students: The mediating role of self-regulation and bedtime procrastination", Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 111, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106552
  34. S.Haripriya, S. E. SAMUEL, M. Megha. "Correlation between Smartphone Addiction, Sleep Quality and Physical Activity among Young Adults", Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research, Vol. 13, No. 10, pp. 5-9, 2019.
  35. E. J. Sonuga-Barke, D. Brandeis, S. Cortese, D. Daley, M. Ferrin, M. Holtmann, .. R. W. Dittmann. "Nonpharmacological interventions for ADHD: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of dietary and psychological treatments", American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 170, No. 3, pp. 275-289, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070991
  36. J. Gross, H. Baumgartl, R. Buettner. "A Novel Machine Learning Approach for High-Performance Diagnosis of Premature Internet Addiction Using the Unfolded EEG Spectra", 25th Americas Conference on Information Systems, pp. 1-10, 2020.
  37. S. G. Krivoschekov and O. N. Lushnikov. "The functional state of athletes addicted to exercises during exercise deprivation", Human Physiology, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 678-685, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/s0362119717040077
  38. E. Niedermyer and F. H. Lopes da silva, Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields. 5th ed. Philadelphia: London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005.
  39. H. J. Eun, "Basics of Electroencephalography for Neuropsychiatrist", J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc, Vol. 58, No. 2, pp. 76-104, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.2.76
  40. J. Y. Park, The Characteristics of Executive Function and EEG in Frontal Lobe in Smartphone Addicted Adolescents in Senior High School, Master's Thesis, Daegu Catholic University Graduate School, Daegu, Korea, pp. 10-13, 2015.
  41. Korea Informatization Promotion Agency, Smart Phone Addiction Diagnosis Scale Development Research, 2011.
  42. M. Kovacs and A. t. Beck, An empirical-clinical approach toward a definition of childhood depression. in Depression in childhood: Diagnosis, treatment, and conceptual models, edited by Schulter-brandt J.G, Raskin A, Raven Press, New York, pp. 1-25, 1977.
  43. S. C. Cho, Y. S. Lee, "Development of Korean Childhood Scale", Neuropsychiatry, Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 943-955, 1990.
  44. M. Rosenberg, Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1965.
  45. S. H. Oh, Determinants of Adaptation for Low-income Deficient Adolescents, Doctoral Dissertation, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea, pp. 48-107, 2001.
  46. H. W. Weon, S. G. Yi, H. G. Kang, "Effects of a neurofeedback program on brain function and stress in high school students", Journal of Korea Academy of Child Health Nursing, Vol. 14, No3, pp. 315-324, 2008.
  47. C. W. Jung. Effect of Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Improvement and Characteristics of EEG of Adolescent on Task-based Neurofeedback Training Protocol Difference, Doctoral dissertation, Seoul University of Buddhism, Seoul, Korea, pp. 20, 2017.
  48. S. I. Kim, C. Y. Kim, Y. S. Sung, K. I. Kim, ..& S. H. Han, Communicate 通 with the brain, p.25-26. BOOK21, 2013.
  49. S. H. Choi, H. Y. Choi, "Understanding of Adolescents' Emotion Regulation: Development and Validation of a Measurement Too", Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 33(4), 833-855, 2014.
  50. J. S. Cho, The Mediating Effects of Depression on the Relationship Between Parent-Adolescent Communication and Smart-phone Addiction of Middle-School Students, Master's Thesis, Sookmyung Women's University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea, pp. 23-24, 2015.
  51. C. M. Kum, Research into smartphone addiction proneness and mental health problem for middle and high school student at Korea, Master's Thesis, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, pp. 52-53, 2013.
  52. H. K. Seon, J. S. Beak, "The Effects of Junior High School's Level of Exercise Participation on Depression, Aggression, and Self-Elasticity", Korean Association for Physical Education and Training, Data Collection, pp. 39-75, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15831/JKSSPE.2015.20.1.107
  53. D. S. Moon, The effect of parental rearing attitudes on smart phone addiction of adolescents : the mediating effect of self-esteem, Master's Thesis, Catholic University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea, pp. 42-43, 2015.
  54. I. H. Park, EEG patterns characteristic of the smartphone on youth group, Master's Thesis, Hanyang University Graduate School of Education, Seoul, Korea, pp. 36-37, 2017.
  55. J. Y. Seol, "EEG Characteristic Differences among Indicator Preference Groups in MBTI", Psychological Type and Human Development, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 25-55. 2016.
  56. D. H. Kim, Y, J. Park, J. W. Jang, "The study on effect of adolescent's smart-phone addiction related to academic stress", Journal of school social work, Vol. 37, pp. 67-89, 2017.
  57. H. W. Weon, J. Y. Lim, H. K. Son, "The Effect of Self-esteem on Resilience and the Mediating Effect of School Satisfaction : A First Year Female Students in High School", Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 2684-2690, 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2015.16.4.2684
  58. F. T. Passini, C. G. Watson, L. Dehnel, J. Herder, B. Watkins. "Alpha wave biofeedback training therapy in alcoholics", Journal of clinical psychology, Vol. 33, No. S1, pp. 292-299, 1977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(197701)33:1+<292::AID-JCLP2270330166>3.0.CO;2-L