DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Impacts of Introduced Fishes (Carassius cuvieri, Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis macrochirus) on Stream Fish Communities in South Korea

외래어류가 우리나라 하천생태계 어류 군집에 미치는 영향: 떡붕어(Carassius cuvieri), 배스(Micropterus salmoides), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus)을 대상으로

  • Received : 2020.08.29
  • Accepted : 2020.09.25
  • Published : 2020.09.30

Abstract

Three introduced fish species, Japanese white crucian carp (Carassius cuvieri Temminck and Schlegel, 1846), bass (Micropterus salmoides Lacepède, 1802) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819), are dominant fishes in Korean freshwater ecosystem. In this study, we analyzed habitat environment conditions of these three species and their impacts to fish communities in streams across South Korea. Fish community data were obtained from the database of the Stream/River Ecosystem Survey and Health Assessment program maintained by the Ministry of Environment and the National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea. Our results showed that species richness and Shannon diversity of fish were higher at the presence sites of introduced fish than at the absence sites. However, when the abundance of these introduced fish species was increased, the species richness and abundance of fish were decreased. An association analysis showed that the introduced fish species had a low similarity in their appearance with some indigenous fishes such as Siniperca scherzeri and Channa argus and some endemic fishes of Korea such as Zacco koreanus, Sarcocheilichthys variegatus wakiyae, and Acheilognathus yamatsutae. In addition, the introduced fish species had a low appearance similarity with a large number of fishes in their association networks. Finally, our results presented that these introduced fish species influenced the negative impacts to the stream fish communities, and they were potential risk factors for fish community in Korean freshwater ecosystem. Therefore, it is necessary that continuous monitoring and establishment of management strategy for introduced fish species to preserve fish resource and biodiversity in the Korean streams.

본 연구는 우리나라 하천 내 주요 외래어류 종인 떡붕어(Carassius cuvieri), 배스(Micropterus salmoides), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus)에 대한 국내 서식 환경을 확인하고, 어류 군집에 대한 영향을 분석하였다. 해당 외래어류종은 모두 어류 종수가 많고 종다양성이 높은 곳에 주로 서식하였다. 각 외래어류의 개체수가 증가할 때, 전체 어류의 출현 종수 및 개체수는 감소하여 어류 군집에 부정적인 영향을 보여주었다. 또한 생물 연결망을 구성한 결과, 하천 내 떡붕어는 쏘가리와 우리나라 고유종인 참갈겨니, 참중고기 등과, 배스와 블루길은 가물치 및 쏘가리와 고유종인 참중고기와 줄납자루 등과 낮은 출현 유사성을 보였다. 그리고 외래어류 3종 모두 각각의 연결망을 구성하는 다수의 어류들과 낮은 출현 유사성을 보여, 잠재적으로 외래어류에 의한 어류 군집 내 피해 및 교란이 크게 나타날 것으로 예상되었다. 본 연구의 결과, 국내 하천생태계 내 유입된 지 50년 가까이 지난 외래어류 3종은 여전히 하천 내 어류 군집과 국내 고유종에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 따라서 하천 내 외래어류에 대한 지속적인 모니터링과 관리가 요구된다. 차후 다양한 외래어류 및 하천생태계 내 생물분류군에 대한 통합적 연구가 수행된다면, 하천생태계 전반에 대한 외래어류의 영향 평가 및 구체적인 생물 자원관리 방안 마련이 가능할 것이다.

Keywords

References

  1. Agarwal, R. and R. Srikant. 1994. Fast algorithms for mining association rules. pp. 487-499 in: Proc. of the 20th VLDB Conference.
  2. Agrawal, R., T. Imielinski and A. Swami. 1993. Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. pp. 207-216 in: Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data.
  3. Australian Society for Fish Biology. 2001. Threatened species supplement. Australian Society for Fish Biology Newsletter 31: 37-41.
  4. Bellard, C., W. Thuiller, B. Leroy, P. Genovesi, M. Bakkenes and F. Courchamp. 2013. Will climate change promote future invasions? Global Change Biology 19: 3740-3748. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12344
  5. Borgelt, C. and R. Kruse. 2002. Induction of association rules: Apriori implementation. pp. 395-400 in: Compstat. Springer.
  6. Bray, J.R. and J.T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecological monographs 27: 326-349.
  7. Cambray, J.A. 2003. Impact on indigenous species biodiversity caused by the globalisation of alien recreational freshwater fisheries. Hydrobiologia 500: 217-230. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024648719995
  8. Csardi, G. and T. Nepusz. 2006. The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal, Complex Systems 1695: 1-9.
  9. Dextrase, A.J. and N.E. Mandrak. 2006. Impacts of alien invasive species on freshwater fauna at risk in Canada. Biological Invasions 8: 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-005-0232-2
  10. Francis, R.A. and M.A. Chadwick. 2012. Invasive alien species in freshwater ecosystems: a brief overview. pp. 23-41 A handbook of global freshwater invasive species. Routledge.
  11. Gratwicke, B. and B. Marshall. 2001. The relationship between the exotic predators Micropterus salmoides and Serranochromis robustus and native stream fishes in Zimbabwe. Journal of Fish Biology 58: 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00499.x
  12. Hahsler, M., C. Buchta, B. Gruen, K. Hornik, I. Johnson, C. Borgelt and M.M. Hahsler. 2013. arules: Mining Association Rules and Frequent Itemsets (R package version 1.6-6.).
  13. Hermoso, V., M. Clavero, F. Blanco-Garrido and J. Prenda. 2011. Invasive species and habitat degradation in Iberian streams: an analysis of their role in freshwater fish diversity loss. Ecological Applications 21: 175-188. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-2011.1
  14. Jackson, P.D., J.D. Koehn and R. Wager. 1993. Appendix1: Australia's threatened fishes 1992 listing - Australian Society for Fish Biology. pp. 213-227 Sustainable Fisheries through Sustaining Fish Habitats (Ed. D.A. Hancock). Australian Society for Fish Biology Workshop Proceedings Victor Harbour, SA, 12-13 August (Bureau of Resource Sciences, AGPS, Canberra.
  15. Jang, M.H., G.J. Joo and M. Lucas. 2006. Diet of introduced largemouth bass in Korean rivers and potential interactions with native fishes. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 15: 315-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0633.2006.00161.x
  16. Kim, H.-M., J.-H. Kil, E.-H. Lee and K.-G. An. 2013. Distribution characteristics of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) as an exotic species, in some medium-to-large size Korean reservoirs and physico-chemical water quality in the habitats. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 46: 541-550. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2013.46.4.541
  17. Kim, S.H., H.-J. Baek and G.B. Yang. 2019. Report on settlement of alien species red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) in Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 52: 333-339. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2019.52.4.333
  18. Ko, M.-H., J.-Y. Park and Y.-J. Lee. 2008. Feeding habits of an introduced large mouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Perciformes; Centrachidae), and its influence on ichthyofauna in the lake Okjeong, Korea. Korean Journal of Ichthyology 20: 36-44.
  19. Korea Environment Institute (KEI). 2007. Research on establishment of risk information delivery system, education, and publicity plan for alien species. KEI, Sejong, Korea.
  20. Latini, A. and M. Petrere Jr. 2004. Reduction of a native fish fauna by alien species: an example from Brazilian freshwater tropical lakes. Fisheries Management and Ecology 11: 71-79. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2003.00372.x
  21. Lee, D.-S., Y.-S. Bae, B.-K. Byun, S. Lee, J.K. Park and Y.-S. Park. 2019. Occurrence prediction of the citrus flatid planthopper (Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830)) in South Korea using a random forest model. Forests 10: 583. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070583
  22. Lee, D.-S. and Y.-S. Park. 2019. Evaluation of potential distribution area of the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) in South Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 52: 340-347. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2019.52.4.340
  23. Lee, J.-W., J.-H. Kim, S.-H. Park, K.-R. Choi, H.-J. Lee, J.-D. Yoon and M.-H. Jang. 2013. Impact of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) on the Population of Korean Native Fish, Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus). Korean Journal of Environmental Biology 31: 370-375. https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2013.31.4.370
  24. McDowall, R. 2003. Impacts of introduced salmonids on native galaxiids in New Zealand upland streams: a new look at an old problem. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 132: 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2003)132<0229:IOISON>2.0.CO;2
  25. Meyerson, L.A. and H.A. Mooney. 2007. Invasive alien species in an era of globalization. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 199-208. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[199:IASIAE]2.0.CO;2
  26. Ministry of Environment (ME). 2006. Research for classification of ecosystem risk level, and current state of introduced spcies in Korea. ME, Sejong, Korea.
  27. Ministry of Environment (ME). 2019. Establishment of medium and long-term plan for alien species and detailed implementation plan. ME, Sejong, Korea.
  28. National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI). 2009. Distribution, Utilization and Management strategy of Introduced Freshwater Fish NFRDI, Busan, Korea.
  29. National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR). 2011. Red Data Book of Endangered Fishes in Korea. NIBR, Incheon, Korea.
  30. National Institute of Ecology (NIE). 2014. Monitoring of Invasive Alien Species Designated by the Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity (I). NIE, Seocheon, Korea.
  31. National Institute of Ecology (NIE). 2018. Monitoring of Invasive Alien Species Designated by the Act on the Conservation and Use of Biological Diversity (V). NIE, Seocheon, Korea.
  32. National Institute of Ecology (NIE). 2020. Information of Korean Alien Species. https://kias.nie.re.kr (Access date: June 23 2020). Seocheon, Korea.
  33. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). 2007. Detailed studies on invasive alien species and their management (II). NIER, Incheon, Korea.
  34. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). 2011. Monitoring of Invasive Alien Species Designated by the Wildlife Protection Act (V) NIER, Incheon, Korea.
  35. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). 2019. Guidelines for Survey and Assessment of Stream/River Ecosystem Health (Stream). NIER, Incheon, Korea.
  36. National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). 2020. Water Environment Information System. http://water.nier.go.kr (Access date: June 23 2020). NIER, Incheon, Korea.
  37. Oksanen, J., F.G. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, D. McGlinn, P.R. Minchin, R.B. O'Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, M.H.H. Stevens, E. Szoecs and H. Wagner. 2019. vegan: Community Ecology Package (R package version 2.5-6.).
  38. Orians, G.H. 1995. Thought for the morrow: cumulative threats to the environment. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 37: 6-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00139157.1995.9929241
  39. R Core Team. 2020. R: A Language and environment for statistical computing R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
  40. Sala, O.E., F.S. Chapin, J.J. Armesto, E. Berlow, J. Bloomfield, R. Dirzo, E. Huber-Sanwald, L.F. Huenneke, R.B. Jackson and A. Kinzig. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770-1774. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1770
  41. Simon, K.S. and C.R. Townsend. 2003. Impacts of freshwater invaders at different levels of ecological organisation, with emphasis on salmonids and ecosystem consequences. Freshwater Biology 48: 982-994. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01069.x
  42. Simpson, G. and J. Oksanen. 2020. analogue: Analogue matching and Modern Analogue Technique transfer function models (R package version 1.6-6.).
  43. Strayer, D.L. 2010. Alien species in fresh waters: ecological effects, interactions with other stressors, and prospects for the future. Freshwater Biology 55: 152-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02380.x
  44. Ter Braak, C.J. and L.G. Barendregt. 1986. Weighted averaging of species indicator values: its efficiency in environmental calibration. Mathematical Biosciences 78: 57-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5564(86)90031-3
  45. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012. The cost of invasive species. USFWS, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
  46. Wei, T. and V. Simko. 2017. R package "corrplot": Visualization of a Correlation Matrix (Version 0.84). Retrived from, https://github.com/taiyun/corrplot.
  47. Yonekura, R., M. Kita and M. Yuma. 2004. Species diversity in native fish community in Japan: comparison between non-invaded and invaded ponds by exotic fish. Ichthyological Research 51: 176-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-003-0200-8
  48. Yoon, J.-D., J.-H. Kim, S.-H. Park and M.-H. Jang. 2018. The distribution and diversity of freshwater fishes in Korean Peninsula. Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment 51: 71-85. https://doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2018.51.1.071