한국산학기술학회논문지 (Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society)

  • 제21권11호
  • /
  • Pages.477-493
  • /
  • 2020
  • /
  • 1975-4701(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2288-4688(eISSN)
한국산학기술학회 (The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

서해 남부, 고창연안해역의 해양환경 및 식물플랑크톤 군집의 시·공간 변동특성

Spatio-temporal Variations of Marine Environments and Phytoplankton Community in the Gochang Coastal Waters (GCW) of Southern West Sea in Korea

  • 윤양호 (전남대학교 해양융합과학과)
  • Yoon, Yang Ho (Dept. of Ocean Covergence Science, Chonnam National University)
  • 투고 : 2020.07.20
  • 심사 : 2020.11.06
  • 발행 : 2020.11.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

고창 연안해역의 해양환경 및 식물플랑크톤 군집의 시·공간적 변동 특성을 파악하기 위해 2016년 여름에서 2017년 봄까지 4계절 16개 정점을 조사하였다. 분석 결과, 수온은 표층에서 2.1℃에서 34.5℃의 범위로 큰 계절 변화를 보였지만, 염분은 표층에서 31.14 psu에서 32.64 psu의 범위로, 계절 변화가 크지 않아, 연안해역 수형은 수온에 지배되었다. Chl-a 역시 봄 최솟값 0.58 ㎍ L-1에서 여름 최댓값 10.5 ㎍L-1의 범위로 겨울에 높고, 가을과 봄에 낮았고, 큰 계절 변화를 보였다. 식물플랑크톤 군집은 53속 86종으로 단순하였다. 표층 현존량은 가을 최솟값 2.2 cells mL-1에서 여름 최댓값 689.2 cells mL-1의 변화 폭으로 여름에 높고, 가을에 낮았으나, 가을은 다른 계절보다 한 자릿수가 이상 낮았다. 우점종은 연중 규조류에 지배되어, 표층은 여름이 Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros curvisetus Skeletonema costatum-ls, 가을은 Paralia sulcata, Eucampia zodiacus, 겨울은 S. costatum-ls, Thalasiosira nordenskioeldii, 그리고 봄은 S. costatum-ls, Asterionella glacialis가 우점하였다. 즉 고창 연안해역의 식물플랑크톤 군집은 다양성이 높지만, 연중 특정 종에 크게 지배되는 군집구조를 나타내었다. 주성분 분석 결과 고창 연안해역은 낮은 수심으로 복사열에 의해 쉽게 가열 및 냉각되며, 조석혼합 등 해수 혼합 특성으로 표층퇴적물의 재부유에 의한 영양염 공급으로 식물플랑크톤 시·공간 분포가 결정되었다.

This study conducted a seasonal survey to analyze the spatio-temporal variations of marine environments and phytoplankton community in Gochang Coastal Waters (GCW) from August 2016 to April 2017. In the results, the water temperature ranged from 2.1℃ to 34.5℃, showing a large seasonal variation, but the salinity changed from 31.14 psu to 32.64 psu. Therefore, the seasonal variations of water types in GCW were mainly determined by water temperature. The phytoplankton community consisted of 53 genera and 86 species, showing a relatively simple distribution. The phytoplankton cell density ranged from 2.2 to 689.2 cells mL-1, with an average of 577.2 cells mL-1, which was low in autumn and high in winter. The seasonal succession of phytoplankton dominant species was mainly diatoms during the whole year, Leptocylindrus danicus, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Skeletonema costatum-ls in summer, Paralia sulcata, Eucampia zodiacus in autumn, S. costatum-ls, Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii in winter, and S. costatum-ls, Asterionella glacialis in spring. In other words, the phytoplankton community showed high diversity in GCW throughout the year. According to the PCA, GCW were easily heated and cooled by radiant energy at lower depth, and the seasonal distributions of phytoplankton were determined by the supply of nutrients by re-fuelling of surface sediments due to the seawater mixing such as tidal mixing.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. UNEP, "Marine and Coastal Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: A Synthesis Report Based on the Findings of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment," UNEP, pp. 1-76, 2006.
  2. J. H. Ryther, "Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea," Science, vol. 166, no. 3901, pp. 72-76, Oct. 1969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.166.3901.72
  3. R. D. Seitz, H. Wennhage, U. Bergstrom, R. N. Lipcius and T. Ysebaert, "Ecological value of coastal habitats for commercially and ecologically important species," ICES J. Mar. Sci., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 648-665, Mar./Apr. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst152
  4. H. Street and A. Paytan, "Iron, phytoplankton growth, and the carbon cycle," Met. Ions Biol. Syst., vol. 43, pp. 153-193, Feb. 2005 DOI: 10.1201/9780824751999.ch7
  5. J. Severiano, A Moura, E Magalhaes and V Almeida, "Study about top-down and bottom-up controls in regulating the phytoplankton biomass in a eutrophic reservoir in northeastern Brazil," J. Water Res. Prot., vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 616-621, Jan. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2012.48071
  6. M. Garmendia, A. Borja, J. Franco and M. Revilla, "Phytoplankton composition indicators for the assessment of eutrophication in marine waters: Present state and challenges within the European directives," Mar. Poll. Bull., vol. 66, no. 1-2, pp. 7-16, July 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.10.005
  7. H. Yoon, "Bio-environmental characteristics of the Uljin Marine Ranching Area (UMRA), East Sea of Korea. 1. Spatio-temporal dstributions of phytoplankton community," J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Energy, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 37-46, Feb. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2016.19.1.37
  8. H. S. Lim, "Growth of the manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) cultured in Gomso tidal flat, Korea," Korean J. Malacol., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 189-195, Sept. 2016. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9710/kjm.2016.32.3.189.
  9. S. H. Lee, Y. K. Cho, K. W. You, Y. G. Kim and H. Y. Choi, "Structure and variation of tidal flat temperature in Gomso bay, west coast of Korea," The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 100-112, Feb. 2005.
  10. D. H. Kim and J. S. Yang, "Denitrification and COD, TN and SS fluxes in Komso bay, Korea," J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ, Energy, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 32-41, Nov. 2001.
  11. J. S. Yang and Y. T. Kim, "The distribution of phosphorus in the Gomso bay tidal flat," The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 171-180, Aug. 2002.
  12. J. S. Yang, K. H. Kim and Y. T. Kim, "Distribution of nitrogen compounds in seawater overlying the Gomso tidal flat," The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 251-261, Aug. 2003.
  13. J. H. Chang, S. S. Chun and S. J. Kwon, "Sedimentary characteristics and evolution history of Chenier Gomso-Bay tidal flat, western coast of Korea," J. Oceanogr. Soc. Korea, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 212-228, Sept. 1993.
  14. B. K. Park and K. S. Lee, "Stable isotopic compositions of foraminifera of the tidal flat in the Gomso Bay of the western coast of Korea," J. Oceanogr. Soc. Korea, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 183-187, June 1994.
  15. H. S. Kim, Y. K. Kim, J. S. Yang and W. H. Yih, "Comparative population dynamics of photosynthetic Ciliate Mesodinium rubrum (=Myrionecta rubra) in Gomso bay and the Geum river estuary, Korea," The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 164-172, Nov. 2004.
  16. S. Jeon, Y. S. Choi, Y. S, Cho, Y. T. Kim and Y. Choi, "Suitable site assessment using habitat suitability index for Ruditapes philippinarum in Gochang(Hajun). J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Safety, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 484-494, Oct. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2015.21.5.484
  17. H. S. Kim, "Phytoplankton variability in digestive tract of the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Gomso Bay, west coast of Korea," Korean J. Malacol., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 165-174, Sept. 2016. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.9710/kjm.2016.32.3.165
  18. S. O. Chung, Y. S. Cho, Y. S. Choi, H. D. Jeung, J. H. Song and H. K. Han, "Spatio-temporal microalgal and environmental variations of the Hajeonri tidal flat, Gochang, Korea," Korean J. Environ. Ecol., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 743-752, Oct. 2015. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2015.29.5.743
  19. Y. W. Lee, M. O. Park, H, Yoon and S. B. Hur, "Temporal and spatial variation of microalgal biomass and community structure in seawater and surface sediment of the Gomso Bay as determined by chemotaxonomic analysis," The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 87-94, May 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2012.17.2.087
  20. O. M. Lee, M. S. Yoo, B. I. Lee and A. S. Lim, "The distribution and standing crop of phytoplankton at the estuaries of Galgok stream and Incheon river in Jeollanam-do," Algae, vol. 23, no. 4. pp. 257-268, .Dec. 2008. DOI: https://doi.10.4490/ALGAE.2008.23.4.257
  21. J. Throndsen, Preservation and storage. pp. 69-74. In: "A. Sournia (ed), Phytoplankton Manual, Unesco, Paris", 1978.
  22. OSJ (The Oceanographic. Society of Japan), "A Manual for Coastal Environmental Survey (Sediments and Biology)," Kouseosha- kouseikaku, Tokyo. pp. 1-280, 2008.
  23. E. E. Cupp, "Marine plankton diatoms of the west coast of north America," Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. Univ. of California, vol. 5, pp. 1-237, 1943.
  24. M. Chihara and M. Murano, "An Illustrated Guide to Marine Plankton in Japan," Tokai Univ. Press, Tokyo. pp. 1-1547, 1997.
  25. C. R. Tomas, "Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates," Academic Press. Oxford, pp. 1-858, 1997.
  26. G. M. Hallegraeff, C. J. S. Bolch, D. R. A. Hill, I. Jameson, J. M. LeRoi, A. McMinn, S., Murray, M. F. de Salas and K. Saunders, "Algae of Australia: Phytoplankton of Temperate Coastal Waters," CSIRO Publ., Cambella, pp. 1-432, 2010.
  27. T. Omura, M. Iwataki, V .M. Borja, H. Takayama and Y. Fukuyo, "Marine Phytoplankton of the Western Pacific," Kouseisha Kouseikaku. Tokyo. pp. 1-160, 2012.
  28. C. E. Shannon, and W. Weaver, "The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Univ. Illinois, Press, Urbana," pp. 1-177, 1963.
  29. R. Margalef, "Information theory in ecology," General Systems, vol. 3, 36-71, 1958.
  30. E. C. Pielou, "The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections," J. Theoretical Biol., vol. 13, pp. 131-144, Dec. 1966. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0
  31. S. J. McNaughton, "Structure and function in California grassland," Ecol., vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 962-972, Sept. 1968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1936547
  32. Y. H. Yoon, "Environmental Analysis of Phytoplankton Growth in the Inland Sea of Japan with Special Reference to the Occurrence of Red Tide. Ph.D Thesis, Hiroshima Univ." pp. 1-361, 1989.
  33. Y. H. Yoon, J. S. Park and B. S. Kim, "Spatial distributions of phytoplankton community in the coastal waters of South Sea, Korea during the early summer of 2018," Korean J. Environ. Biol. vol. 37n no. 2, pp. 164-176, June 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2019.37.2.164
  34. J. K. Choi, J. H. Noh and Y. S. Kang, Distribution characteristics of phytoplankton in the West Sea of Korea. In: "J. K. Choi (ed.), The Plankton Ecology of Korean Coastal Waters, Donghwa Publ, Seoul", pp. 30-47, 2011.
  35. J. H. Lee, B. W. An, I. K. Bang, H. J. Lie and J. Yang, Water and salt budgets for the Yellow Sea. pp. 221-234. In: "G.H. Hong, J. Zhang and C. S. Chung (eds.), Biogeochemical Processes in the Bohai and Yellow Sea, Dongjin Publ. Ass, Seoul", 1999
  36. J. K. Choi and J. H. Shim, "The ecological study of phytoplankton in Kyeonggi Bay, Yellow Sea. I. Environmental characteristics," J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 21, no. 1, p. 56-71, Mar. 1986.
  37. NFRDI (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute). " Climatic atlas of salinity in Korean waters (1966-1995), Pusan", 1997.
  38. Y. H. Yoon, "On the spatio-temporal distributions of nutrients and chlorophyll a concentration, and the environmental factors on the variation of phytoplankton biomass in Shiahae, Southwestern part of Korean Peninsula," Korean J. Environ. Biol., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 77-93, Mar. 2000.
  39. H. S. Kim, H. Kim, D. Yang and Y. H. Yoon, "Spatio-temporal distribution patterns of phytoplankton community and the characteristics of biological oceanographic environments in the Geum River Estuary, West Sea of Korea in 2018," Korean J. Environ. Biol., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 254-270, June 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2020.38.2.254
  40. H. J. Lie, "Tidal fronts in the southeastern Hwanghae (Yellow Sea)," Continental Shelf Research, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 527-546, June 1989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(89)90019-8
  41. M. T. Kwak, G. H. Seo, B. J. Choi, C. S. Kim and Y. K. Cho, " Sensitivity of simulated water temperature to vertical mixing scheme and water turbidity in the Yellow Sea,", The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 111 -121, August 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2013.18.3.111
  42. Y. J. Sun and Y. K. Cho, "Tidal front and its relation to the biological process in coastal water," Ocean Sci. J., vol 45, no. 4, pp. 243-251, Dec. 2010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12601-010-0022-3
  43. Y. H. Yoon, "Spatio-temporal distributions of phytoplankton community in the coastal waters of Gogunsan Islands(CoWGIs), West Sea of Korea," J. Korean Acad.-Ind.l coop. Soc., vol. 16 no.3, pp. 2287-2300, Mar. 2015. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2015.16.3.2287
  44. Y. S. Kang, J. K. Choi, K. H. Chung and Y. C. Park, "Primary productivity and assimilation number in the Kyonggi Bay and the mid eastern coast of Yellow Sea," J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 237-246, Sept. 1992.
  45. Y. K. Shin, J. H. Shim, J. S. Jo and Y. C. Park, "Relative significance of nanoplankton in Chunsu Bay: species composition, abundance, chlorophyll and primary productivity," J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 217-228, Dec. 1990.
  46. Y. S. Kang and J. K. Choi, "Ecological characteristic of phytoplankton communies in the coastal waters of Gori, Wulseong, Uljin and Youngkwang. II. Distributions of standing crops and environmrntal parameters (1992-1996)," The Sea J. Korean Soc. Oceanogr., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 108-128, Aug. 2002.
  47. Y. H. Yoon, "Marine environments and production of laver farm at Aphae-do based on water quality and phytoplankton community," Korean J. Environ. Biol., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 159-169, Sept. 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2014.32.3.159
  48. Y. H. Yoon, Marine environments and phytoplankton in the South-western Sea of Korea. In: "J. K. Choi (ed)., The Plankton Ecology in Korean Coastal Waters. Donghwa Publ.. Seoul". pp. 68-93, 2011.
  49. Y. K. Shin, "An ecological study of phytoplankton community in the Geum river estuary. Korean," J. Ecol. Environ., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 524-540, Dec. 2013. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11614/KSL.2013.46.4.524
  50. J. H. Shim, Y. K. Shin and H. G. Yeo, "Abiotic environment and primary producer of estuarine pelagic ecosystem in the lower water of the Mankyung river and the Dongjin River I. Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton community structure," J. Oceano. Soc. Korea, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 155-168, June 1991.
  51. Y. S. Kang and J. K. Choi, "Ecological characteristic of phytoplankton communities in the coastal waters of Gori, Wulseong, Uljin and Youngkwang. I. Species composition and distribution (1992-1996)," Algae, vol 16. no. 1, pp. 85-111, Mar. 2001.
  52. Y. H. Yoon, "On the seasonal variation of phytoplankton community in Shiahae, Westsouthern Korea," Korean J. Environ. Biol., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 403-409, Dec. 1998.
  53. J. K. Choi and J. H. Shim, "The ecological study of phytoplankton in Kyeonggi Bay, Yellow Sea. III. Phytoplankton composition, standing crops, tychopelagic plankton,", J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 156-170, Sept. 1986.
  54. J. H. Shim and H. G. Yeo, "Spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton in Chonsu Bay," J. Oceano. Soc. Korea, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 130-145, Sept. 1988.
  55. W. H. Lee, G. H. Lee, M. S. Choi and D. M. Lee, "Phytoplankton and bacterioplankton in the intertidal and subtidal waters in the vicinity of Kunsan," J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 157-164, Sept. 1989.
  56. J. H. Shim and S. J. Yoo, "Phytoplankton community off the coast of Kunsan, Korea," J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 31-42, Apr. 1985.
  57. T. R. Parsons, M. Takahashi and B. Hargrave, "Biological Oceanographic Processes (3rd ed.). Pergamon Press, Oxford," pp. 1-330, 1984.
  58. O. Muniz, J. G, Rodriguez, M. Revilla, A. Laza-Martinez, S. Seoane and J, Franco, "Seasonal variations of phytoplankton community in relation to environmental factors in an oligotrophic area of the European Atlantic coast (southeastern Bay of Biscay)," Reg. Studies Mar. Sci., vol. 17, pp. 59-72, Jan. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2017.11.011
  59. Y. H. Yoon, H. G. Rho and Y. K, Kim. "Seasonal succession of phytoplankton population in the Hamdok port, Northern Cheju Island. Bull. Mar. Sci. Inst., Cheju Nat'l Univ. vol. 16, pp. 27-42, Dec. 1992.
  60. T. Honjo, T. Shimouse and T. Hanaoka, "A red tide occurred at the Hakozaki fishing port, Hakata Bay, in 1973. - The growth process and the chlorophyll content-," Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 7-21, July 1978.
  61. H. J. Curl and G. C. Mcleod, "The physiological ecology of marine diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve," J. Mar. Res., vol. 19, no. 2. pp. 70-88, Mar. 1961.
  62. M. Turkoglu, "Temporal variations of surface phytoplankton, nutrients and chlorophyll a in the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits System): a coastal station sample in weekly time intervals," Turkish J. Biol., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 319-333, Jan. 2010. DOI: doi.10.3906/biy-0810-17
  63. H. M. Joo, J. H. Lee and S. W. Jung, "Correlations between cell abundance, bio-volume and chlorophyll a concentration of phytoplankton communities in coastal waters of Incheon, Tongyeong and Ulsan of Korea," Korean J. Environ. Biol., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 312-320, Dec. 2011..
  64. M. Yamaguchi and I. Imai, "Size fractionated phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity in Osaka Bay, Eastern Seto Inland Sea, Japan," Bull. Nansei Nat'l Fish. Res. Inst., vol. 29, pp. 59-73, Mar. 1996. https://iss.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I000000017825-00
  65. C. Guo, H. Liu, L. Zheng, S. Song, B. Chen and B. Huang, "Seasonal and spatial patterns of picophytoplankton growth, grazing and distribution in the East China Sea," Biogeosci., vol. 11, pp. 1847-1862, Apr. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-1847-2014
  66. J. H. Shim, H. G. Yeo and J. G. Park, "Primary production system in the Southern waters of the East Sea, Korea I. Biomass and productivity," J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 91-100, June 1992.
  67. H. G. Yeo and J. H. Shim, "Ecological effect of thermal effluent in the Korean Coastal Waters 3. Abiotic environment and the community structure of primary producers in the vicinity of Kori Nuclear Power Plant," Korean J. Environ. Biol., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 122-142, June 1992.
  68. J. H. Shim, H. G. Yeo and Y. K. Shin, "Ecological effect of thermal effluent in the Korean Coastal Waters I. Significance of autotrophic nano and picoplankton in the adjacent waters of Kori nuclear power plant," The Korean Society of Oceanography, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 77-82, Mar. 1991.
  69. J. E. Cloern, "Why large cells dominate estuarine phytoplankton," Limnol. Oceanogr. vol. 63, no. S1, pp. S392-S409, Mar. 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.10749
  70. P. Bazin, F. Jouenne, T. Friedl, A. F. Deton-Cabanillas, B. Le Roy and B. Veron, "Phytoplankton diversity and community composition along the estuarine gradient of a temperate macrotidal ecosystem: Combined morphological and molecular approaches," PLOS One 9:e94110, Apr. 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094110
  71. P. Vigil, P. Countway, J. Rose, D. J. Lonsdale, C. J. Gobler and D. A. Caron, "Rapid shifts in dominant taxa among microbial eukaryotes in estuarine ecosystems," Aquat. Microb. Ecol., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 83-100, Jan. 2009. DOI: doi.10.3354/ame01252
  72. R. Karthik, Padmavati G., S. Sai Elangovan and V. Sachithanandam, "Monitoring the diatom bloom of Leptocylindrus danicus (Cleve 1889, Bacillariophyceae) in the coastal waters of South Andaman Island," Indian J. Geo Mar. Sci., vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 958-965, May 2017.
  73. K. I. Yoo and J. H. Lee, "Environmental studies of the Jinhae Bay 3. Ecological succession of phytoplankton populations, 1974-1980,: J. Oceanol. Soc. Korea, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 100-107, Dec. 1980.
  74. M. Begum, B. K. Sahu, A. K. Das, N. V. Vinithkumar and R. Kirubagaran, "Extensive Chaetoceros curvisetus bloom in relation to water quality in Port Blair Bay, Andaman Islands," Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 187, no. 5, pp. 1-14, Apr. 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4461-2
  75. T. Nishikawa, Y. Hori, K. Tanida and I, Imai, "Population dynamics of the harmful diatom Eucampia zodiacus Ehrenberg causing bleachings of Porphyra thalli in aquaculture in Harima-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan," Harmful Algae vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 763-773, Nov. 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2007.04.005
  76. M. R McQuoid and K Nordberg, "The diatom Paralia sulcata as an environmental indicator species in coastal sediments,"Est. Coast. Shelf Sci., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 339-354, Feb. 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00187-7
  77. Iizuka S., "The results of a survey of maximum densities in cell number of phytoplankton in coastal waters of Japan," Bull. Plankton Soc. Japan, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 67-72, July 1985.
  78. G. R. Hasle and E. E. Syvertsen, Marine Diatoms, pp. 5-385, In: "C.R. Tomas(ed.), Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates, Academic Press, San Diego, California", 1996.
  79. J. S. Park, S. W. Jung, S. D. Lee, S. M. Yun and and J. H. Lee, "Species diversity of the genus Thalassiosira (Thalassiosirales, Bacillariophyta) in South Korea and its biogeographical distribution in the world," Phycol., vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 403-423, May 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2216/15-66.1
  80. S Mishra, G. Sahu, A. K. Mohanty, S. K. Singh and R. C. Panigrahy, "Impact of the diatom Asterionella glacialis (Castracane) bloom on the water quality and phytoplankton community structure in coastal waters of Gopalpur Sea, Bay of Bengal," Asian J. Water, Environ. Poll., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 71-77, Feb. 2005.
  81. Y. H Yoon, G. W. Baeck and H. Y. Soh, "Monthly variation characteristics of phytoplankton community in the inner bay of Southeastern Geoje Island, South Sea of Korea," . Korean Soc. Mar. Environ, Energy, vol. 28, no. 3, 126-133, Aug. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7846/KOSMEE.2020.23.3.126