International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication

The Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication (한국인터넷방송통신학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Mechanism Study of Gait on a Load and Gender Difference

  • Ryew, Checheong (Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University) ;
  • Hyun, Seunghyun (Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University)
  • Received : 2020.11.11
  • Accepted : 2020.11.21
  • Published : 2021.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Gait kinematics and kinetics have a similar tendency between men and women, yet it remains unclear how walking while carrying a load affects the gait mechanism. Twenty adults walked with preferred velocity on level ground of 20 m relative to change of a load carriage (no load, 15%, 30% of the body weights) aimed to observe gait mechanism. We measured gait posture using the three-dimensional image analysis and ground reaction force system during stance phase on left foot. In main effect of gender difference, men showed increased displacement of center of gravity (COG) compared to women, and it showed more extended joint angle of hip and knee in sagittal plane. In main effect of a load difference, knee joint showed more flexed postuel relative to increase of load carriage. In main effect of load difference on the kinetic variables, medial-lateral force, anterior-posterior force (1st breaking, 2nd propulsive), vertical force, center of pressure (COP) area, leg stiffness, and whole body stiffness showed more increased values relative to increase of load carriage. Also, men showed more increased COP area compared to women. Interaction showed in the 1st anterior-posterior force, and as a result of one-way variance analysis, it was found that a load main effect had a greater influence on the increase in the magnitude of the braking force than the gender. The data in this study explains that women require little kinematic alteration compared to men, while men in more stiff posture accommodate an added load compared to women during gait. Additionally, it suggests that dynamic stability is maintained by adopting different gait strategies relative to gender and load difference.

Keywords

References

  1. S. S. Li et al., "Gender Differences in Energy Expenditure During Walking With Backpack and Double-Pack Loads," Human factors, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 203-213, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/0018720818799190.
  2. J. Drzal-Grabiec, S. Snela, M. Rachwal, J. Podgorska, and J. Rykala, "Effects of carrying a backpack in an asymmetrical manner on the asymmetries of the trunk and parameters defining lateral flexion of the spine," Human factors, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 218-226, 2015. DOI: 10.1177/0018720814546531.
  3. E. R. Ikeda, L. Cooper, P. Gulick, and P. Nguyen, "The metabolic cost of carrying a single-versus double-strap golf bag," The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 974-977, 2008. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816f6f2e.
  4. S. M. McGill, L. Marshall, and J. Andersen, "Low back loads while walking and carrying: comparing the load carried in one hand or in both hands," Ergonomics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 293-302, 2013. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2012.752528.
  5. J. J. Knapik, K. L. Reynolds, and E. Harman, "Soldier load carriage: historical, physiological, biomechanical, and medical aspects," Military medicine, vol. 169, no. 1, pp. 45-56, 2004. DOI: 10.7205/milmed.169.1.45.
  6. J. Rose, E. Mendel, and W. Marras, "Carrying and spine loading," Ergonomics, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 1722-1732, 2013. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2013.835870.
  7. D. C. Kerrigan, M. K. Todd, and U. C. Della, "Gender differences in joint biomechanics during walking: normative study in young adults," American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 2-7, 1998. DOI: 10.1097/00002060-199801000-00002.
  8. D. Chow, M. Li, A. Lai, and M. Pope, "Effect of load carriage on spinal compression," International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 219-223, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2011.03.001.
  9. R. Motmans, S. Tomlow, and D. Vissers, "Trunk muscle activity in different modes of carrying schoolbags," Ergonomics, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 127-138, 2006. DOI: 10.1080/00140130500435066.
  10. Y.-C. Pai and J. Patton, "Center of mass velocity-position predictions for balance control," Journal of biomechanics, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 347-354, 1997. DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(96)00165-0.
  11. S. Plagenhoef, F. G. Evans, and T. Abdelnour, "Anatomical data for analyzing human motion," Research quarterly for exercise and sport, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 169-178, 1983. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1983.10605290
  12. R. J. Ratcliffe and K. G. Holt, "Low frequency shock absorption in human walking," Gait & Posture, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 93-100, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(96)01077-6.
  13. M. W. Whittle, "Generation and attenuation of transient impulsive forces beneath the foot: a review," Gait & posture, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 264-275, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00041-7.
  14. L. Sharma, "Proprioceptive impairment in knee osteoarthritis," Rheumatic Disease Clinics, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 299-314, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70069-7.
  15. M. Henriksen, R. Christensen, T. Alkjaer, H. Lund, E. B. Simonsen, and H. Bliddal, "Influence of pain and gender on impact loading during walking: A randomised trial," Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 221-230, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.09.010.
  16. A. Silder, T. Besier, and S. L. Delp, "Running with a load increases leg stiffness," J Biomech, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 1003-8, Apr 13 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.01.051.
  17. C. R. James, L. T. Atkins, H. S. Yang, J. S. Dufek, and B. T. Bates, "Kinematic and ground reaction force accommodation during weighted walking," Human movement science, vol. 44, pp. 327-337, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.10.004.
  18. M.-C. Chiu, H.-C. Wu, and L.-Y. Chang, "Gait speed and gender effects on center of pressure progression during normal walking," Gait & posture, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 43-48, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.05.030.
  19. A. De Cock, D. De Clercq, T. Willems, and E. Witvrouw, "Temporal characteristics of foot roll-over during barefoot jogging: reference data for young adults," Gait & posture, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 432-439, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.05.004.
  20. M. A. Holbein-Jenny, M. S. Redfern, D. Gottesman, and D. B. Chaffin, "Kinematics of heelstrike during walking and carrying: implications for slip resistance testing," Ergonomics, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 352-363, 2007. Kinematics of heelstrike during walking and carrying: implications for slip resistance testing. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130601053479
  21. K. Park, P. Hur, K. S. Rosengren, G. P. Horn, and E. T. Hsiao-Wecksler, "Effect of load carriage on gait due to firefighting air bottle configuration," Ergonomics, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 882-891, 2010. DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2010.489962.
  22. S. A. Birrell, R. H. Hooper, and R. A. Haslam, "The effect of military load carriage on ground reaction forces," Gait & posture, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 611-614, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.12.008.
  23. A. F. Polcyn, C. K. Bensel, E. A. Harman, J. P. Obusek, and C. Pandorf, "Effects of weight carried by soldiers: Combined analysis of four studies on maximal performance, physiology, and biomechanics," ARMY NATICK SOLDIER CENTER MA SUPPORTING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DIRECTORATE2002.
  24. A. Silder, S. L. Delp, and T. Besier, "Men and women adopt similar walking mechanics and muscle activation patterns during load carriage," Journal of biomechanics, vol. 46, no. 14, pp. 2522-2528, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.06.020.