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The Korean Society of Phycology (한국조류학회(藻類))
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Interactions between common heterotrophic protists and the dinoflagellate Tripos furca: implication on the long duration of its red tides in the South Sea of Korea in 2020

  • Eom, Se Hee (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jeong, Hae Jin (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Ok, Jin Hee (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Park, Sang Ah (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kang, Hee Chang (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • You, Ji Hyun (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Sung Yeon (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Yoo, Yeong Du (Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Sciences, Kunsan National University) ;
  • Lim, An Suk (Division of Life Science & Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Lee, Moo Joon (Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University)
  • Received : 2020.12.29
  • Accepted : 2021.02.22
  • Published : 2021.03.17
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Abstract

The mixotrophic dinoflagellate Tripos furca causes red tides in the waters of many countries. To understand its population dynamics, mortality due to predation as well as growth rate should be assessed. Prior to the present study, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Noctiluca scintillans, Polykrikos kofoidii, Protoperidinium steinii, and mixotrophic dinoflagellate Fragilidium subglobosum were known to ingest T. furca. However, if other common heterotrophic protists are able to feed on T. furca has not been tested. We explored interactions between T. furca and nine heterotrophic dinoflagellates and one naked ciliate. Furthermore, we investigated the abundance of T. furca and common heterotrophic protists in coastal-offshore waters off Yeosu, southern Korea, on Jul 31, 2020, during its red tide. Among the tested heterotrophic protists, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Aduncodinium glandula, Luciella masanensis, and Pfiesteria piscicida were able to feed on T. furca. However, the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense, Gyrodinium dominans, Gyrodinium jinhaense, Gyrodinium moestrupii, Oblea rotunda, Oxyrrhis marina, and the naked ciliate Rimostrombidium sp. were unable to feed on it. However, T. furca did not support the growth of A. glandula, L. masanensis, or P. piscicida. Red tides dominated by T. furca prevailed in the South Sea of Korea from Jun 30 to Sep 5, 2020. The maximum abundance of heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the waters off Yeosu on Jul 31, 2020, was as low as 5.0 cells mL-1, and A. glandula, L. masanensis, and P. piscicida were not detected. Furthermore, the abundances of the known predators F. subglobosum, N. scintillans, P. kofoidii, and Protoperidinium spp. were very low or negligible. Therefore, no or low abundance of effective predators might be partially responsible for the long duration of the T. furca red tides in the South Sea of Korea in 2020.

Keywords

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