DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Damage index based seismic risk generalization for concrete gravity dams considering FFDI

  • Nahar, Tahmina T. (Department of Civil Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology) ;
  • Rahman, Md M. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University) ;
  • Kim, Dookie (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University)
  • 투고 : 2020.02.28
  • 심사 : 2021.01.14
  • 발행 : 2021.04.10

초록

The determination of the damage index to reveal the performance level of a structure can constitute the seismic risk generalization approach based on the parametric analysis. This study implemented this concept to one kind of civil engineering structure that is the concrete gravity dam. Different cases of the structure exhibit their individual responses, which constitute different considerations. Therefore, this approach allows the parametric study of concrete as well as soil for evaluating the seismic nature in the generalized case. To ensure that the target algorithm applicable to most of the concrete gravity dams, a very simple procedure has been considered. In order to develop a correlated algorithm (by response surface methodology; RSM) between the ground motion and the structural property, randomized sampling was adopted through a stochastic method called half-fractional central composite design. The responses in the case of fluid-foundation-dam interaction (FFDI) make it more reliable by introducing the foundation as being bounded by infinite elements. To evaluate the seismic generalization of FFDI models, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was carried out under the impacts of various earthquake records, which have been selected from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center data. Here, the displacement-based damage indexed fragility curves have been generated to show the variation in the seismic pattern of the dam. The responses to the sensitivity analysis of the various parameters presented here are the most effective controlling factors for the concrete gravity dam. Finally, to establish the accuracy of the proposed approach, reliable verification was adopted in this study.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Alam, J., Kim, D. and Choi, B. (2019), "Seismic risk assessment of intake tower in korea using updated fragility by bayesian inference", Struct. Eng. Mech., 69(3), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.69.3.317.
  2. Alembagheri, M. (2016), "Earthquake damage estimation of concrete gravity dams using linear analysis and empirical failure criteria", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 90, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.005.
  3. Alembagheri, M. and Ghaemian, M. (2013), "Seismic assessment of concrete gravity dams using capacity estimation and damage indexes", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 42(1), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2196.
  4. Andonov, A. and Apostolov, K. (2012), "Displacement-based seismic capacity assessment of concrete dams", 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal.
  5. Ansari, M.I. and Agarwal, P. (2016), "Categorization of damage index of concrete gravity dam for the health monitoring after earthquake", J. Earthq. Eng., 20(8), 1222-1238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1138167.
  6. Ansari, M.I., Saqib, M. and Agarwal, P. (2018), "Geometric configuration effects on nonlinear seismic behavior of concrete gravity dam", J. Earthq. Tsunami, 12(01), 1850003. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431118500033.
  7. ASCE/SEI7-16 (2017), Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and other Structures, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, Virginia, USA. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784414248.
  8. Baker, J.W. (2015), "Efficient analytical fragility function fitting using dynamic structural analysis", Earthq. Spectra, 31(1), 579-599. https://doi.org/10.1193/021113EQS025M.
  9. Bovand, M., Valipour, M.S., Dincer, K. and Eiamsa-ard, S. (2014), "Application of response surface methodology to optimization of a standard ranque-hilsch vortex tube refrigerator", Appl. Therm. Eng., 67(1-2), 545-553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.03.039.
  10. Box, G.E. and Wilson, K.B. (1951), "On the experimental attainment of optimum conditions", J. Royal Statist. Soc: Ser. B (Methodolog.), 13(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1951.tb00067.x.
  11. Burman, A., Nayak, P., Agrawal, P. and Maity, D. (2012), "Coupled gravity dam-foundation analysis using a simplified direct method of soil-structure interaction", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 34(1), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.10.008.
  12. Cao, A.T., Nahar, T.T., Kim, D. and Choi, B. (2019), "Earthquake risk assessment of concrete gravity dam by cumulative absolute velocity and response surface methodology", Earthq. Struct., 17(5), 511-519. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2019.17.5.511.
  13. Chen, D.H., Yang, Z.H., Wang, M. and Xie, J.H. (2019), "Seismic performance and failure modes of the jin'anqiao concrete gravity dam based on incremental dynamic analysis", Eng. Fail. Anal., 100, 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.02.018.
  14. Chopra, A.K. (1988), Earthquake Response Analysis of Concrete Dams, Springer, Boston, MA, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0857-7_15.
  15. Chopra, A.K. (2011), Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
  16. Chopra, A.K. and Chakrabarti, P. (1972), "The earthquake experience at koyna dam and stresses in concrete gravity dams", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 1(2), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290010204.
  17. Chopra, A.K. and Goel, R.K. (2002), "A modal pushover analysis procedure for estimating seismic demands for buildings", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), 561-582. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.144.
  18. Clough, R.W. and Penzien, J. (2010), Dynamics of Structures, Computers and Structures, Inc., Berkeley, California.
  19. Deeks, A.J. and Randolph, M.F. (1994), "Axisymmetric time-domain transmitting boundaries", J. Eng. Mech., 120(1), 25-42. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1994)120:1(25).
  20. Elsayad, M., Attia, W. and Belal, A. "The dynamic behavior of dam-reservoir-foundation interaction system", Al-Azhar University Civil Engineering Research Magazine (CERM), 39(4), 15-21.
  21. Falco, A.D., Mori, M. and Sevieri, G. (2019), "Soil-structure interaction modeling for the dynamic analysis of concrete gravity dams", 7th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (COMPDYN 2019), Crete, Greece. https://doi.org/10.7712/120119.7335.19130.
  22. Fenves, G. and Chopra, A.K. (1987), "Simplified earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dams", J. Struct. Eng., 113(8), 1688-1708. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1987)113:8(1688).
  23. Fenves, G.L. and Chopra, A.K. (1984), "Earthquake analysis and response of concrete gravity dams", Report No. UCB/EERC-84/10, University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research Center.
  24. Fenves, G.L. and Chopra, A.K. (1986), "Simplified analysis for earthquake resistant design of concrete gravity dams", Report No. Ucbieerc-85/10, University of California, Earthquake Engineering Research Center C. o. Engineering.
  25. Ghobarah, A., Abou-Elfath, H. and Biddah, A. (1999), "Response-based damage assessment of structures", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28(1), 79-104. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199901)28:1%3C79::AID-EQE805%3E3.0.CO;2-J.
  26. Gunay, S. and Mosalam, K.M. (2013), "Peer performance-based earthquake engineering methodology, revisited", J. Earthq. Eng., 17(6), 829-858. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2013.787377.
  27. Habib, S. (2017), "Optimization of machining parameters and wire vibration in wire electrical discharge machining process", Mech. Adv. Mater. Modern Pr., 3(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40759-017-0017-1.
  28. Hariri-Ardebili, M.A. (2015), "Performance based earthquake engineering of concrete dams", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA.
  29. Hariri-Ardebili, M.A., Seyed-Kolbadi, S.M. and Kianoush, M.R. (2016), "Fem-based parametric analysis of a typical gravity dam considering input excitation mechanism", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 84, 22-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.01.013.
  30. Hariri-Ardebili, M.A., Seyed-Kolbadi, S.M. and Mirzabozorg, H. (2013), "A smeared crack model for seismic failure analysis of concrete gravity dams considering fracture energy effects", Struct. Eng. Mech., 48(1), 17-39. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.48.1.017.
  31. Hartford, D.N.D. and Baecher, G.B. (2004), Risk and Uncertainty in Dam Safety, Thomas Telford Publishing, Heron Quay, London.
  32. Hazwan, M., Shayfull, Z., Sharif, S., Nasir, S. and Zainal, N. (2017), "Optimisation of warpage on plastic injection moulding part using response surface methodology (rsm)", AIP Conference Proceedings, 835(1), 020037.
  33. Huda, A., Jaafar, M., Noorzaei, J., Thanoon, W.A. and Mohammed, T. (2010), "Modelling the effects of sediment on the seismic behaviour of kinta roller compacted concrete dam", Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., 18(1), 43-59.
  34. Ibarra, L. and Krawinkler, H. (2011), "Variance of collapse capacity of sdof systems under earthquake excitations", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 40(12), 1299-1314. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1089.
  35. Ibarra, L.F. and Krawinkler, H. (2005), "Global collapse of frame structures under seismic excitations", Report No. PEER Report 2005/06, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center.
  36. Kabtamu, H.G., Peng, G. and Chen, D. (2018), "Dynamic analysis of soil structure interaction effect on multi story rc frame", Open J. Civil Eng., 8(4), 426. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2018.84030.
  37. Kappos, A.J. (1997), "Seismic damage indices for rc buildings: Evaluation of concepts and procedures", Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 1(1), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.2260010113.
  38. Kazantzi, A., Vamvatsikos, D. and Lignos, D. (2014), "Seismic performance of a steel moment-resisting frame subject to strength and ductility uncertainty", Eng. Struct., 78, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.044.
  39. Kennedy, R.P., Cornell, C.A., Campbell, R., Kaplan, S. and Perla, H. (1980), "Probabilistic seismic safety study of an existing nuclear power plant", Nucl. Eng. Des., 59(2), 315-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(80)90203-4.
  40. Kim, J. and Shin, W. (2014), "How to do random allocation (randomization)", Clinic. Orthopedic Surgery, 6(1), 103-109, http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/cios.2014.6.1.103.
  41. Kim, J.H., Choi, I.K. and Park, J.H. (2011), "Uncertainty analysis of system fragility for seismic safety evaluation of npp", Nucl. Eng. Des., 241(7), 2570-2579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.04.031.
  42. Kim, S.H. and Feng, M.Q. (2003), "Fragility analysis of bridges under ground motion with spatial variation", Int. J. Nonlin. Mech., 38(5), 705-721. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7462(01)00128-7.
  43. Lee, J.H., Kim, J.K. and Kim, J.H. (2014), "Nonlinear analysis of soil-structure interaction using perfectly matched discrete layers", Comput. Struct., 142, 28-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2014.06.002.
  44. Liao, Z.P. and Wong, H. (1984), "A transmitting boundary for the numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation", Int. J. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 3(4), 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-7277(84)90033-0.
  45. Madsen, S.S., Krenk, S. and Hededal, O. (2013), "Perfectly matched layer (pml) for transient wave propagation in a moving frame of reference", 4th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. https://doi.org/10.7712/120113.4819.C1228.
  46. Modave, A., Delhez, E. and Geuzaine, C. (2014), "Optimizing perfectly matched layers in discrete contexts", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng., 99(6), 410-437. https://doi.org/10.1002/nme.4690.
  47. Mohebi, B. (2019), "A new damage index for steel mrfs based on incremental dynamic analysis", J. Constr. Steel Res., 156, 137-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.02.005.
  48. Moon, D.S., Lee, Y.J. and Lee, S. (2018), "Fragility analysis of space reinforced concrete frame structures with structural irregularity in plan", J. Struct. Eng., 144(8), 04018096. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002092.
  49. Myers, R.H., Montgomery, D.C. and Anderson-Cook, C.M. (1995), Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization using Designed Experiments, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
  50. Nguyen, D.V. and Kim, D. (2018), "Perfectly matched discrete layers with analytical wavelengths for soil-structure interaction analysis", Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn., 18(9), 1850103. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455418501031.
  51. P695, F. (2009), Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, FEMA, Washington, D.C.,USA.
  52. Pavel, F. and Lungu, D. (2013), "Correlations between frequency content indicators of strong ground motions and pgv", J. Earthq. Eng., 17(4), 543-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2012.762957.
  53. Prassinos, P.G., Ravindra, M. and Savy, J.B. (1986), "Recommendations to the nuclear regulatory commission on trial guidelines for seismic margin reviews of nuclear power plants: Draft report for comment", Report No. NUREG/CR-4482, UCID-20579, Lawrence Livermore National Lab.
  54. Ross, M. (2004), "Modeling methods for silent boundaries in infinite media", Fluid-Structure Interaction, Aerospace Engineering Sciences-University of Colorado at Boulder, 5519-5006.
  55. Rozaina, I., Hilfi, K.M. and Insyirah, M.N.N. (2017), "Seismic analysis of concrete dam by using finite element method", MATEC Web of Conferences, Selangor, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710302024.
  56. Sadhukhan, B., Mondal, N.K. and Chattoraj, S. (2016), "Optimisation using central composite design (ccd) and the desirability function for sorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto lemna major", Karbala Int. J. Modern Sci., 2(3), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kijoms.2016.03.005.
  57. Said, K.A.M. and Amin, M.A.M. (2015), "Overview on the response surface methodology (rsm) in extraction processes", J. Appl. Sci. Pr. Eng., 2(1). https://doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.161.2015.
  58. Sen, U. (2018), "Risk assessment of concrete gravity dams under earthquake loads", Master's Thesis Dissertation, Louisiana State University Louisiana, USA.
  59. Shariatmadar, H. and Mirhaj, A. (2011), "Dam-reservoir-foundation interaction effects on the modal characteristic of concrete gravity dams", Struct. Eng. Mech., 38(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2011.38.1.065.
  60. Suresh, K. (2011), "An overview of randomization techniques: An unbiased assessment of outcome in clinical research", J. Human Reproduct. Sci., 4(1), 8. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-1208.82352. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0974-1208.82352
  61. Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C.A. (2002), "Incremental dynamic analysis", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31(3), 491-514. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.141
  62. Westergaard, H.M. (1933), "Water pressures on dams during earthquakes", Tran. ASCE, 95, 418-433.
  63. Wolf, J.P. (1985), Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
  64. You, T., Gardoni, P. and Hurlebaus, S. (2014), "Iterative damage index method for structural health monitoring", Struct. Eng. Mech., 1(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.12989/smm.2014.1.1.089.
  65. Zhao, C. (2009), Dynamic and Transient Infinite Elements: Theory and Geophysical, Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Applications, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00846-7.
  66. Zhu, T., Heidebrecht, A. and Tso, W. (1988), "Effect of peak ground acceleration to velocity ratio on ductility demand of inelastic systems", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 16(1), 63-79. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160106.