DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Eight Weeks Twenty Meters Walk Aerobic Exercise Improve Cardio-respiratory Fitness and Muscular Strength of Stroke Survivor Outpatients in Tertiary Hospitals in Osogbo, Nigeria

  • Received : 2021.01.06
  • Accepted : 2021.04.15
  • Published : 2021.05.31

Abstract

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of an eight weeks twenty meters walk on the cardiorespiratory fitness and strength of the shoulder extensor, hip extensor, and dorsiflexor of stroke survivor outpatients in two tertiary hospitals in Osogbo, Nigeria. METHODS: A purposive sampling technique was used to select 21 registered right or left outpatient hemiplegic stroke survivors in a pre- and post-test experimental research design. The research questions were presented using the descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The differences between the mean of the cardio-respiratory indices and the muscle strength were tested by repeated measures analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: No significant differences in heart rate were observed at week 0 compared to week 4. A significant decrease was recorded in the parameter at week 8, compared to week 4. Moreover, there were significant decreases in blood pressure and respiratory rate in week 0, compared to week 4, and in the respiratory rate, compared to week 8. In contrast, significant elevations in VO2 max were observed in week 0, compared to week 4, and in the week 4, compared to week 8. Furthermore, significant elevations in muscular strength were documented when comparisons were made at weeks 0, 4, and 8. CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of twenty meters walk aerobic exercise improve the cardio-respiratory fitness and muscular strength of stroke survivor outpatients.

Keywords

References

  1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2007. A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security in the 21st Century. https://www.who.int/whr/2007/en/ December 24, 2020.
  2. Truelsen T, Piechowski-Jozwiak B, Bonita R, et al. Stroke incidence and prevalence in Europe: a review of available data. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(6):581-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01138.x
  3. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):143-52. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318282ab8f
  4. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2:43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00266-7
  5. Ovbiagele B, Goldstein LB, Higashida RT, et al. on behalf of the American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee and Stroke Council. Forecasting the future of stroke in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:2361-75. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e31829734f2
  6. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013a;127(1): e6-e245. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad
  7. World Health Organization. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health December 23, 2020.
  8. Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep.1985;100(2):126-31.
  9. Calmels P, Degache F, Courbon A, et al. The feasibility and the effects of cycloergometer interval training on aerobic capacity and walking performance after stroke - A preliminary study. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2011;54(1):3-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2010.09.009
  10. Chu KS, Eng JJ, Dawson AS. A randomized controlled trial of water-based exercise of cardiovascular fitness in individuals with chronic stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:870-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2003.11.001
  11. Mattlage AE, Ashenden AL, Lentz AA, et al. Submaximal and Peak Cardiorespiratory Response After Moderate-High Intensity Exercise Training in Subacute Stroke. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J. 2013;24(3):14-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/01823246-201324030-00003
  12. Bohannon RW. Muscle strength and muscle training after stroke. J Rehabil Med. 2007;39:14-20. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0018
  13. Pang MY, Eng JJ, Dawson AS, et al. The use of aerobic exercise training in improving aerobic capacity in individuals with stroke: a meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(2):97-111. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215506cr926oa
  14. Harris JE, Eng JJ. Strength training improves upper-limb function in individuals with stroke: A meta-analysis. Stroke. 2010;41(1):136-40. https://doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.109.567438
  15. Stoller O, de Bruin ED, Knols RH, et al. Effects of cardiovascular exercise early after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2012;12(1):45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-12-45
  16. Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Brazzelli M, et al. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3(3):CD003316.
  17. Hafer-Macko CE, Ryan AS, Ivey FM, et al. Skeletal muscle changes after hemiparetic stroke and potential beneficial effects of exercise intervention strategies. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2008;45(2):261-72. https://doi.org/10.1682/JRRD.2007.02.0040
  18. Kelly JO, Kilbreath SL, Davis GM, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness and walking ability in subacute stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(12):1780-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00376-9
  19. Eng JJ, Dawson AS, Chu KS. Submaximal exercise in persons with stroke: Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity with maximal oxygen consumption. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(1):113-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00436-2
  20. Brooks D, Tang A, Sibley KM, et al. Profile of patients at admission into an inpatient stroke rehabilitation programme: cardiorespiratory fitness and functional characteristics. Physiother Can. 2008;60(2):171-9. https://doi.org/10.3138/physio.60.2.171
  21. Jorgensen JR, Bech-Pedersen DT, Zeeman P, et al. Effect of intensive outpatient physical training on gait performance and cardiovascular health in people with hemiparesis after stroke. Phys Ther. 2010;90(4):527-37. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080404
  22. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11911-8
  23. Rimmer JH, Rauworth AE, Wang EC, et al. A preliminary study to examine the effects of aerobic and therapeutic (nonaerobic) exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary risk reduction in stroke survivors. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:407-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.07.032
  24. Gaire BP. Herbal Medicine in Ischemic Stroke: Challenges and Prospective. Chin J Integr Med. 2018;24(4):243-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-018-2828-2
  25. Adeyemi WJ, Lawal SI, Olatunji DB. et al. Omega 3 fatty acids favour lipid and bone metabolism in orchidectomised rats. Clin Nutr Open Sci. 2021;35:67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2021.01.002
  26. Adeyemi WJ, Ajayi OS, Okesina BK, et al. Orange peel extract corrected lipid dysmetabolism and proinflammation, but not deranged antioxidant and hormonal status in orchidectomised rats. J Afr Ass Physiol Sci. 2020;8(1): 1103-10.
  27. Quadri KA, Adeyemi, WJ. Vernonia amygdalina (Del) as an antioxidant, aspirin toxicity, and oxidative stress. Toxicology. 2021;491-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00464-X
  28. Sung RY, Yu CC, Choi KC, et al. Waist circumference and body mass index in Chinese children; cutoff values for predicting cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes. 2007;31:550-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803452
  29. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2 Suppl 4th Report):555-76. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.2.S2.555
  30. Uth N,Sorensen H, Overgaard K, et al. Estimation of VO2 max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest--the Heart Rate Ratio Method. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;91(1):111-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0988-y
  31. Inbar O, Oten A, Scheinowitz M, et al. Normal cardiopulmonary responses during incremental exercise in 20-70-yr-old men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994; 26(5):538-46.
  32. RehabMart. 1998, https://www.rehabmart.com/product/baseline-cable-tensiometer-22122.html April, 2021
  33. Globas C, Macko RF, Luft AR. Role of walking-exercise therapy after stroke. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2009;7(8):905-10. https://doi.org/10.1586/erc.09.58
  34. Bang DH, Son YL. Effect of intensive aerobic exercise on respiratory capacity and walking ability with chronic stroke patients: A randomized controlled pilot trial. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(8):2381-84. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2381
  35. Kain D. Researchers Show Surprising Interaction between Genes, Gender and Hypertension. https://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/archive/newsrel/health/interaction06.asp. December 23, 2020.
  36. Reeves MJ, Bushnell CD, Howard G, et al. Sex differences in stroke: epidemiology, clinical presentation, medical care, and outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(10):915-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70193-5
  37. Ojo IA, Mohammed J. Anthropometry and cardiovascular disease risk factors among retirees and non-retirees in Ile-Ife, Nigeria: A comparative study. Niger Med J. 2013; 54(3):168-172.
  38. Falconi A, Gemmill A, Karasek D, et al. Stroke-Attributable Death Among Older Persons During the Great Recession. Econ Hum Biol. 2016;21:56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2015.11.005
  39. Foerch C, Misselwitz B, Sitzer M, et al. Difference in recognition of right and left hemispheric stroke. Lancet. 2005;366:392-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67024-9
  40. Hedna VS, Bodhit AN, Ansari S, et al. Hemispheric differences in ischemic stroke: is left-hemisphere stroke more common? J Clin Neurol. 2013;9:97-102. https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2013.9.2.97
  41. PortegiesMLP, Selwaness M, Hofman A, et al. Left-Sided Strokes Are More Often Recognized Than Right-Sided Strokes, The Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 2015;46:252-54. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.007385
  42. Kurth T, Gaziano JM, Berger K, et al. Body mass index and the risk of stroke in men. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2557-62. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.22.2557
  43. Rost NS, Wolf PA, Kase CS, et al. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: the Framingham study. Stroke. 2001;32:2575-79. https://doi.org/10.1161/hs1101.098151
  44. Strazzullo P, D'Elia L, Cairella G, et al. Excess body weight and incidence of stroke: meta-analysis of prospective studies with 2 million participants. Stroke. 2010;41:e418-26. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.576967
  45. Potempa K, Lopez M, Braun LT, et al. Physiological outcomes of aerobic exercise training in hemiparetic stroke patients. Stroke. 1995;26:101-5. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.26.1.101
  46. Jin H, Jiang Y, Wei Q, et al. Effects of aerobic cycling training on cardiovascular fitness and heart rate recovery in patients with chronic stroke. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32:327-35. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-130852
  47. Carpio-Rivera E, Moncada-Jimenez J, Salazar-Rojas W, et al. Acute Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analytic Investigation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106(5):422-33.
  48. Monteiro MF, Sobral Filho DC. Physical exercise and blood pressure control. Rev Bras Med Esporte. 2004;10:517-9.
  49. Katsanos AH, Filippatou A, Manios E, et al. Blood pressure reduction and secondary stroke prevention: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of randomized clinical trials. Hypertension. 2017;69:171-79. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.08485
  50. Haykowsky MJ, Tomczak CR, Scott JM, et al. Determinants of exercise intolerance in patients with heart failure and reduced or preserved ejection fraction. J Appl Physiol. 2015;119:739-46 https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00049.2015
  51. Ismail H, McFarlane JR, Nojoumian AH, et al. Clinical outcomes and cardiovascular responses to different exercise training intensities in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1:514-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2013.08.006
  52. Dorsch S, Ada L, Alloggia D. Progressive resistance training increases strength after stroke but this may not carry over to activity: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2018;64:84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2018.02.012