Economic and Environmental Geology (자원환경지질)

The Korean Society of Economic and Environmental Geology (대한자원환경지질학회)
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Study on the Mechanism of Manifestation of Ecological Toxicity in Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Using the Sensing System of Earthworm Movement

지렁이 움직임 감지 시스템을 이용한 중금속 오염 토양의 생태독성 발현 메커니즘에 대한 연구

  • Lee, Woo-Chun (Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU)) ;
  • Lee, Sang-Hun (Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU)) ;
  • Jeon, Ji-Hun (Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU)) ;
  • Lee, Sang-Woo (Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU)) ;
  • Kim, Soon-Oh (Department of Geology and Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU))
  • 이우춘 (경상국립대학교 지질과학과 및 기초과학연구소(RINS)) ;
  • 이상훈 (경상국립대학교 지질과학과 및 기초과학연구소(RINS)) ;
  • 전지훈 (경상국립대학교 지질과학과 및 기초과학연구소(RINS)) ;
  • 이상우 (경상국립대학교 지질과학과 및 기초과학연구소(RINS)) ;
  • 김순오 (경상국립대학교 지질과학과 및 기초과학연구소(RINS))
  • Received : 2021.06.12
  • Accepted : 2021.06.22
  • Published : 2021.06.28
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Abstract

Natural soil was artificially contaminated with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and Zn), and the movement of earthworm was characterized in real time using the ViSSET system composed of vibration sensor and the other components. The manifestation mechanism of ecological toxicity of heavy metals was interpreted based on the accumulative frequency of earthworm movement obtained from the real-time monitoring as well as the conventional indices of earthworm behavior, such as the change in body weight before and after tests and biocumulative concentrations of each contaminant. The results showed the difference in the earthworm movement according to the species of heavy metal contaminants. In the case of Cd, the earthworm movement was decreased with increasing its concentration and then tended to be increased. The activity of earthworm was severely increased with increasing Pb concentration, but the movement of earthworm was gradually decreased with increasing Zn concentration. The body weight of earthworm was proved to be greatly decreased in the Zn-contaminated soil, but it was similarly decreased in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was higher in the sequence of Cd > Zn > Pb, and particularly the biocumulative concentration of Pb did not show a clear tendency according to the Pb concentrations in soil. It was speculated that Cd is accumulated as a metallothionein-bound form in the interior of earthworm for a long time. In particular, Cd has a bad influence on the earthworm through the critical effect at its higher concentrations. Pb was likely to reveal its ecotoxicity via skin irritation or injury of sensory organs rather than ingestion pathway. The ecotoxicity of Zn seemed to be manifested by damaging the cell membranes of digestive organs or inordinately activating metabolism. Based on the results of real-time monitoring of earthworm movement, the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Pb was estimated to be 751.2 mg/kg, and it was similar to previously-reported ones. The study confirmed that if the conventional indices of earthworm behavior are combined with the results of newly-proposed method, the mechanism of toxicity manifestation of heavy metal contaminants in soils is more clearly interpreted.

배경토양에 카드뮴(Cd), 납(Pb), 아연(Zn) 등의 중금속 오염물질을 인위적으로 오염시킨 후 진동센서 등으로 구성된 시스템(ViSSET)을 이용하여 지렁이 움직임 특성을 실시간으로 모니터링하였다. 이로부터 얻어진 지렁이 움직임의 누적 횟수와 전통적인 지렁이 행태지표(실험 전후의 체중 변화, 생체축적농도) 등을 이용하여 중금속 오염물질의 토양 내 생태독성 발현 기작을 규명하였다. 중금속별 농도 증가에 따른 지렁이 움직임을 살펴보면, Cd는 농도가 증가함에 따라 지렁이 움직임은 감소하다가 증가하는 경향을 보였고, Pb는 농도 증가에 따라 지렁이 움직임이 급증하였으며, Zn의 경우는 농도가 증가함에 따라 지렁이 움직임은 지속적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 지렁이의 체중은 Zn 오염 토양에서 가장 크게 감소하였으며, Cd와 Pb에서는 지렁이 체중 변화가 유사한 것으로 조사되었다. 생물축적농도는 Cd, Zn, Pb의 순으로 높게 조사되었고, 특히 Pb의 경우에는 토양 내 농도에 따른 생체축적농도의 변화가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않았다. Cd는 metallothionein-bound 형태로 결합되어 지렁이 생체 내에 장기간 축적되며, 특히 고농도에서는 임계효과(critical effect)에 의해 지렁이 움직임에 악영향을 주는 것으로 판단된다. Pb는 섭취에 의하여 생태독성이 발현되는 것이 아니고 피부를 자극시키거나 감각기관을 손상시킴으로서 독성을 발현시키는 것으로 생각된다. Zn은 소화기관의 세포막을 손상시키거나 물질대사를 과도하게 증가시킴으로써 지렁이 움직임과 체중이 감소하는 것과 같은 생태독성을 발현시킨다. 지렁이 움직임에 대한 실시간 모니터링 결과를 분석하여 도출한 Pb의 50% 최대 영향농도(half maximal effective concentration, EC50)는 751.2 mg/kg로 기존 연구와 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통하여 기존에 이용되어온 지렁이 행태 지표와 새롭게 제시한 지렁이의 움직임을 실시간으로 모니터링하여 얻어진 결과를 통합적으로 해석함으로써 중금속 오염물질의 생태독성 발현 기작을 규명하는 것이 효과적임을 확인할 수 있었다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2018년도 교육부 국립대학육성사업 기초·보호 학문분야 학문후속세대 양성사업 연구비 지원에 의 하여 수행되었다(2018-0970).

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