Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Axial capacity of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channels-Numerical investigation and parametric study

  • Roy, Krishanu (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland) ;
  • Lau, Hieng Ho (Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Campus) ;
  • Fang, Zhiyuan (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland) ;
  • Ahmed, Abdeliazim Mustafa Mohamed (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University) ;
  • Lim, James B.P. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland)
  • Received : 2019.12.28
  • Accepted : 2021.05.11
  • Published : 2021.09.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In cold-formed steel structures, such as trusses, wall frames and portal frames, the use of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channels as compression members are becoming popular. The advantages of using stainless steel as structural members are corrosion resistance and durability, compared with carbon steel. Current guidance by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Australian and New Zealand (AS/NZS) standards for built-up carbon steel sections describes a modified slenderness approach, to consider the spacing of the intermediate fasteners. The AISI and AS/NZS do not include the design of stainless-steel built-up channels and very few experimental tests or finite element (FE) analyses have been reported in the literature for such back-to-back cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channel section columns. This paper presents a numerical investigation on the behavior of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless steel unlipped channel section columns. Three different grades of stainless steel i.e., duplex EN1.4462, ferritic EN1.4003 and austenitic EN1.4404, were considered. The effects of screw spacing on the axial strength of such built-up unlipped channels were investigated. As expected, most of the short and intermediate columns failed by either local-global or local-distortional buckling interactions, whereas the long columns failed by global buckling. All three grades of stainless-steel stub columns failed by local buckling. A comprehensive parametric study was then carried out covering a wide range of slenderness and different cross-sectional geometries to assess the performance of the current design guidelines of carbon steel built-up sections in accordance with the AISI and AS/NZS. In total, 647 FE models were analyzed. From the results of the parametric study, it was found that the AISI and AS/NZS are conservative by around 14 to 20% for all three grades of stainless steel built-up unlipped channel section columns failed through global buckling. However, the AISI and AS/NZS carbon steel design rules can be un-conservative by around 8 to 13%, when they are used to calculate the axial capacity of those stainless steel built-up unlipped channels which are failed in local buckling.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The research described in this paper did not receive any funding.

References

  1. ABAQUS (2018), Version 6.14-2, USA: SIMULIA, Providence.
  2. American Iron and Steel Institute (2016), "North American specification for the design of cold-formed Steel Structural Members", NAS S100.
  3. American Society of Civil Engineers, (2002), "Specification for the design of cold-formed stainless steel structural members", SEI/ASCE 8-02.
  4. Afshan, S., Rossi, B. and Gardner, L. (2013), "Strength enhancements in cold-formed structural sections - Part I: Material testing", J. Constr. Steel Res., 83, 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.12.008.
  5. Anbarasu, M. and Adil Dar, M. (2020a), "Improved design procedure for battened cold-formed steel built-up columns composed of lipped angles", J. Constr. Steel Res., 164, 105781, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105781.
  6. Anbarasu, M. and Adil Dar, M. (2020b), "Axial capacity of CFS built-up columns comprising of lipped channels with spacers: Nonlinear response and design", Eng. Struct., 213, 110559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110559.
  7. Anbarasu, M., Kanagarasu, K. and Sukumar, S. (2015), "Investigation on the behaviour and strength of cold-formed steel web stiffened built-up battened columns", Mater. Struct., 48(12), 4029-4038. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0463-8.
  8. Arrayago, I., Real, E. and Gardner, L. (2015), "Description of stress-strain curves for stainless steel alloys", Mater. Design, 87, 540-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.001.
  9. Aslani, F. and Goel, S.C. (1991), "An analytical criterion for buckling strength of built-up compression members", J. Struct. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 28(4), 159-168.
  10. Ashraf, M., Gardner, L. and Nethercot, D.A. (2005), "Strength enhancement of the corner regions of stainless steel cross-sections", J. Constr. Steel Res., 61(1), 37-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2004.06.001.
  11. Baddoo, N.R. (2008), "Stainless steel in construction: a review of research, applications, challenges and opportunities", J. Constr. Steel Res., 64(11), 1199-1206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.07.011.
  12. Becque, J. and Rasmussen, K.J.R. (2009), "Experimental investigation of the interaction of local and overall buckling of stainless steel I-columns", J. Struct. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 135(11), 1340-1348, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000051.
  13. Biggs, K.A., Ramseyer, C., Ban, H.Y., Ree, S. and Kang, H.K. (2015), "Experimental testing of cold-formed built-up members in pure compression", Steel Compos. Struct., 18(6), 1331-1351. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.6.1331
  14. BS EN (2001), Tensile testing of metallic materials method of test at ambient temperature, British Standards Institution.
  15. Chen, J. and Ben, Y. (2006), "Stress-strain curves for stainless steel at elevated temperatures", Eng. Struct., 28, 229-239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.07.005.
  16. Dabaon, M., Ellobody, E. and Ramzy, K. (2015), "Nonlinear behavior of built-up cold-formed steel section battened columns", J. Constr. Steel Res., 110, 16-28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.03.007.
  17. Dai, X. and Lam, D. (2010), "Axial compressive behaviour of stub concrete-filled columns with elliptical stainless steel hollow sections", Steel Compos. Struct., 10(6), 517-539, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2010.10.6.517.
  18. Dar, MA., Sahoo, D.R., Pulikkal, S. and Jain, A.K. (2018a), "Behaviour of laced built-up cold-formed steel columns: Experimental investigation and numerical validation", Thin-Wall. Struct., 132, 398-409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.09.012.
  19. Dar, MA., Subramanian, N., Dar, A.R., Anbarasu, M., Lim, J.B.P. and Atif, M. (2018b), "Behaviour of partly stiffened cold-formed steel built-up beams: Experimental investigation and numerical validation", Adv. Struct. Eng., https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433218782767.
  20. Dar, MA., N Subramanian, M Anbarasu, A R Dar, James BP Lim, (2018c), "Structural performance of cold-formed steel composite beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(5), 545-554, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.5.545.
  21. Dar, M.A., Sahoo, D.R. and Jain, A.K. (2019), "Axial compression behavior of laced cold-formed steel built-up columns with unstiffened angle sections", J. Constr. Steel Res., 162, 105727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105727.
  22. Dar, M.A., Sahoo, D.R. and Jain, A.K. (2020), "Influence of chord compactness and slenderness on axial compression behavior of built-up battened CFS columns", J. Build. Eng., 32, 101743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101743.
  23. Dar, M.A., Sahoo, D.R. and Jain, A.K. (2021a), "Interaction between chord compactness and lacing slenderness in CFS built-up columns", Structures, 30, 985-995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.01.065.
  24. Dar, M.A., Sahoo, D.R., Jain, A.K. and Sharma, S. (2021b), "Monotonic tests and numerical validation of cold-formed steel battened built-up columns", Thin-Wall. Struct., 159, 107275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.107275.
  25. Darcy, G. and Mahendran, M. (2008), "Development of a new cold-formed steel building system", Adv. Struct. Eng., 11(6), 661-677. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943308787543621.
  26. Dobric, J., Markovic, Z., Budevac, D., Spremic, M. and Fric, N. (2018a), "Resistance of cold-formed built-up stainless steel columns - Part I: Experiment", J. Constr. Steel Res., 145, 552-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.02.026.
  27. Dobric, J., Pavlovicb, M., Markovica, Z., Budevaca, D. and Spremic, M. (2018b), "Resistance of cold-formed built-up stainless steel columns - Part II: Numerical simulation", J. Constr. Steel Res., 140, 247-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.10.032.
  28. Fan, S., Liu, F., Zheng, B., Shu, G. and Tao, Y. (2014), "Experimental study on bearing capacity of stainless steel lipped C section stub columns", Thin-Wall. Struct., 83, 70-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.02.002.
  29. Fratamico, D.C., Torabian, S., Zhao, X., Rasmussen, K.J.R. and Schafer, B. (2018a), "Experiments on the global buckling and collapse of built-up cold-formed steel columns", J. Constr. Steel Res., 144, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.01.007.
  30. Fratamico, D.C., Torabian, S., Zhao, X., Rasmussen, K.J.R. and Schafer, B.W. (2018b), "Experimental study on the composite action in sheathed and bare built-up cold-formed steel columns", Thin-Wall. Struct., 127, 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.02.002.
  31. Gardner, L., Talja, A. and Baddoo, N.R. (2006), "Structural design of high-strength austenitic stainless steel", Thin-Wall. Struct., 44(5), 517-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2003.11.007.
  32. Gardner, L. and Nethercot, D.A. (2004a), "Experiments on stainless steel hollow sections - Part 2: Member behaviour of columns and beams", J. Constr. Steel Res., 60(9), 1319-1332. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:10(1586).
  33. Gardner, L. and Nethercot, D.A. (2004b), "Numerical modeling of stainless steel structural components-a consistent approach", J. Struct. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 130(10), 1586-1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2006.04.014.
  34. Ghannam, M. (2018), "Bending moment capacity of cold-formed steel built-up beams", In. J. Steel Struct., https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0155-2.
  35. Hasan, M.J., Ashraf, M. and Uy, B. (2017), "Moment-rotation behaviour of top-seat angle bolted connections produced from austenitic stainless", J. Constr. Steel Res., 136, 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.05.014.
  36. Huynh, M.T. and Pham, C.H. and Hancock, G.J. (2020), "Experimental behaviour and modelling of screwed connections of high strength sheet steels in shear", Thin-Wall. Struct., 146, 106357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106357.
  37. Kechidi, S., Fratamico, D.C., Schafer, B.W., Castro, J.M. and Bourahla, N. (2020), "Simulation of screw connected built-up cold-formed steel back-to-back lipped channels under axial compression", Eng. Struct., 206, 110109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110109.
  38. Kherbouche, S. and Megnounif, A. (2019), "Numerical study and design of thin walled cold formed steel built-up open and closed section columns", Eng. Struct., 179, 670-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.069.
  39. Kiymaz, G. and Seckin, E. (2014), "Behavior and design of stainless steel tubular member welded end connections", Steel Compos. Struct., 17(3), 253- 269. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.3.253.
  40. Lawson, R.M., Ogden, R.G., Pedreschi, R. and Popo-Ola, S.O. (2008), "Development of cold-formed steel sections in composite applications for residential buildings", Adv. Struct. Eng., 11(6), 651-660. https://doi.org/10.1260%2F136943308787543603. https://doi.org/10.1260%2F136943308787543603
  41. Macdonald, M., Rhodes, J. and Kotelko, M. (2007), "Stainless steel stub columns subject to combined bending and axial loading", Thin-Wall. Struct., 45(10-11), 893-897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2007.08.044.
  42. Meza, M.J., Becque, J. and Hajirasouliha, I. (2020a), "Experimental study of cold-formed steel built-up columns", Thin-Wall. Struct., 149, 106291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.106291.
  43. Meza, M.J., Becque, J. and Hajirasouliha, I. (2020b), "Experimental study of the cross-sectional capacity of cold-formed steel built-up columns", Thin-Wall. Struct., 155, 106958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106958.
  44. Muthuraman, M., Anuradha, R., Awoyera, P.O. and Gobinath, R. (2020), "Numerical simulation and specification provisions for buckling characteristics of a built-up steel column section subjected to axial loading", Eng. Struct., 207, 110256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110256.
  45. Nie, S., Zhou, T., Eatherton, M.R., Li, J. and Zhang, Y. (2020a), "Compressive behavior of built-up double-box columns consisting of four cold-formed steel channels", Eng. Struct., 222, 111133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111133.
  46. Nie, S.F., Zhou, T.H., Zhang, Y. and Liu, B. (2020b), "Compressive behavior of built-up closed box section columns consisting of two cold-formed steel channels", Thin-Wall. Struct., 151, 106762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.106762.
  47. Rasmussen, K.J.R. and Hancock, G.J. (1993), "Design of cold-formed stainless steel tubular members. I: columns", J. Struct. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 119(8), 2349-2367. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:8(2368).
  48. Reyes, W. and Guzman, A. (2011), "Evaluation of the slenderness ratio in built-up cold formed box sections", J. Constr. Steel Res., 67(6), 929-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.02.003.
  49. Rossi, B., Afshan, S. and Gardner, L. (2013) "Strength enhancements in cold-formed structural sections - Part II: Predictive models", J. Constr. Steel Res., 83, 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.12.007.
  50. Roy, K., Lau, H.H. and Lim, J.B.P. (2018a), "Numerical investigations on the axial capacity of back-to-back gapped built-up cold-formed stainless steel channels", Adv. Struct. Eng., 22(10), 2289-2310. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1369433219837390. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1369433219837390
  51. Roy, K., Ting, T.C.H., Lau, H.H. and Lim, J.B.P. (2018b), "Nonlinear behavior of axially loaded back-to-back built-up cold-formed steel un-lipped channel sections", Steel Compos. Struct., 28(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.28.2.233.
  52. Roy, K., Ting, T.C.H., Lau, H.H. and Lim, J.B.P. (2018c), "Effect of thickness on the behaviour of axially loaded back-to-back cold-formed steel built-up channel sections - Experimental and numerical investigation", Structures, 16, 327-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2018.09.009.
  53. Roy, K., Mohammadjan, C. and Lim, J.B.P. (2019d), "Experimental and numerical investigation into the behaviour of face-to-face built-up cold-formed steel channel sections under compression", Thin-Wall. Struct., 134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.09.045.
  54. Roy, K., Ting, T.C.H., Lau, H.H. and Lim, J.B.P. (2018e), "Nonlinear behaviour of back-to-back gapped built-up cold-formed steel channel sections under compression", J. Constr. Steel Res., 147, 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.04.007.
  55. Roy, K., Ting, T.C.H., Lau, H.H. and Lim, J.B.P. (2019f), "Experimental and numerical investigations on the axial capacity of cold-formed steel built-up box sections", J. Constr. Steel Res., 160, 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.05.038.
  56. Roy, K., Lau, H.H. and Lim, J.B.P. (2019g), "Finite element modelling of back-to-back built-up cold-formed stainless-steel lipped channels under axial compression", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(1), 869-898. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.4.595.
  57. Schafer, B.W. (2002), "Local, distortional and euler buckling of thin-walled columns", J. Struct. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 128(3), 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:3(289).
  58. Selvaraj, S. and Madhavan, M. (2021), "Design of cold-formed steel built-up columns subjected to local-global interactive buckling using direct strength method", Thin-Wall. Struct., 159, 107305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2020.107305.
  59. Standards Australia (2018), Cold-Formed Steel Structures, AS/NZS 4600:2018, Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand.
  60. Stone, T.A. and LaBoube, R.A. (2005), "Behaviour of cold-formed steel built-up I-sections", Thin-Wall. Struct., 43(12), 18050-1817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2005.09.001.
  61. Theofanous, M., Chan, T.M. and Gardner, L. (2009), "Structural response of stainless steel oval hollow section compression members", Eng. Struct., 31(4), 922-934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.12.002.
  62. Ting, T.C.H., Roy, K., Lau, H.H. and Lim, J.B.P. (2018), "Effect of screw spacing on behavior of axialy loaded back-to-back cold-formed steel built-up channel sections", Adv. Struct. Eng., 21(3), 474-487. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433217719986.
  63. Whittle, J. and Ramseyer, C. (2009), "Buckling capacities of axially loaded, cold-formed, built-up channels", Thin-Wall. Struct., 47(2), 190-201, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2008.05.014.
  64. Yang, L., Zhao, M., Chan, T.M., Shang, F. and Xu, D. (2016), "Flexural buckling of welded austenitic and duplex stainless steel I-section columns", J. Constr. Steel Res., 122, 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.04.007.
  65. Young, B. and Chen, J. (2008), "Design of cold-formed steel built-up closed sections with intermediate stiffeners", J. Struct. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 134(5), 727-737. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(727).
  66. Young, B. and Liu, Y. (2003), "Experimental investigation of cold-formed stainless steel columns", J. Struct. Eng. Am. Soc. Civil Engineers, 129(2), 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:2(169).
  67. Yuan, H.X., Wang, Y.Q., Shi, Y.J. and Gardner, L. (2014), "Stub column tests on stainless steel built-up sections", Thin-Wall. Struct., 83, 103-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.01.007.
  68. Zhang, J.H. and Young, B. (2012), "Compression tests of cold-formed steel I-shaped open sections with edge and web stiffeners", Thin-Wall. Struct., 52, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.11.006.
  69. Jhang, J.H. and Young, B. (2018a), "Experimental investigation of cold-formed steel built-up closed section columns with web stiffeners", J. Constr. Steel Res., 147, 380-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.04.008.
  70. Jhang, J.H. and Young, B. (2018b), "Finite element analysis and design of cold-formed steel built-up closed section columns with web stiffeners", Thin-Wall. Struct., 131, 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.06.008.
  71. Zhou, F., Chen, Y. and Young, B. (2013), "Cold-formed high strength stainless steel cross-sections in compression considering interaction effects of constituent plate elements", J. Constr. Steel Res., 80, 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.09.004.
  72. Zhou, X., Xiang, Y., Shi, Y., Xu, L. and Zou, Y. (2021), "Simplified design method of cold-formed steel columns with built-up box sections", Eng. Struct., 228, 111532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111532.