인지과학 (Korean Journal of Cognitive Science)

한국인지과학회 (The Korean Society for Cognitive Science)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

진정성 척도 개발과 타당화

Development and Validation of Authenticity Scale

  • 투고 : 2021.09.10
  • 심사 : 2021.09.10
  • 발행 : 2021.09.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

진정성은 철학에서 위선이나 기만적인 삶의 반대 개념이다. 진정성에 기초해 인간이 삶에서 경험하는 다양한 긍정적 요인들이 해외에서는 연구되어 온 반면, 진정성 측정을 시도한 국내 연구들은 대부분 한국 문화의 특징들을 고려하지 않았거나 특정 분야의 사용 목적으로만 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 한국 문화의 특수성에 기반하여 연구자들이 보편적으로 사용할 수 있는 진정성 척도를 개발했다. 이를 위해, 기존의 진정성 척도를 구성하는 문항들과 사회적 관계를 중요시하는 한국 사회의 문화적 가치를 반영하는 문항들을 통합했다. 그 결과, 탐색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석을 통해 진정성은 자기 인식, 행동 진정성, 관계 진정성의 세 가지 요인으로 구성된다는 사실을 확인하였다. 또한 삶의 만족도, 마음챙김, 자아존중감, HEXACO, 사회적 바람직성, 자기조절초점, 정서다양성과의 상관관계를 분석하여, 준거타당도를 검증하였다. 이러한 결과는 새로운 진정성 척도가 신뢰롭고 타당한 도구라는 것을 의미하였고, 일상에서의 진정성에 대한 경험적 개인차 연구에 중요한 도구가 될 것으로 기대된다.

Authenticity is the opposite of hypocrisy or deceitful living in philosophy. While various positive factors that humans experience in life based on authenticity have been studied abroad, most of the studies in Korea that tried to measure authenticity did not take into account the characteristics of Korean culture or were developed only for the purpose of use in a limited domain or specific purpose. In this study, based on the specificity of Korean culture, we developed a measure of authenticity that researchers can use universally. To this end, the items constituting the existing authenticity scale and the items reflecting the cultural value of Korean society, which value social relationships, are integrated. The results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis indicated that authenticity consists of three factors: self-awareness, behavioral authenticity, and relationship authenticity. In addition, criterion validity was verified based on correlations with life satisfaction, mindfulness, self-esteem, HEXACO, social desirability, self-regulation focus, and emotional diversity. These results suggest that the authenticity scale of this study is a reliable and valid measure, and is expected to be an important tool for empirical individual differences research on authenticity in everyday life in Korean population.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. 고유경, 유소영 (2017). 간호대학생의 공감역량, 감정성향, 실습지에서 지각한 약자괴롭힘이 전공적응에 미치는 영향, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 19(4), 2219-2231. https://doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2017.19.4.2219
  2. 권선중, 김교헌 (2007). 한국판 마음챙김 주의 알아차림 척도 (K-MAAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 12(1), 269-287. https://doi.org/10.17315/KJHP.2007.12.1.014
  3. 김세나, 표두미, 이지선, 이준기, 민준호, 신강현, 김경일 (2015). 한국판 조절초점 척도 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 29(3), 85-110. https://doi.org/10.21193/kjspp.2015.29.3.005
  4. 김영준, 김경일 (2018). 정서의 다양성과 강도가 동적 의사결정, 심리적 유연성, 심리적 건강에 미치는 영향. Journal of The Korean Data Analysis Society, 20(3), 1455-1472. https://doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2018.20.3.1455
  5. 김용석 (2010). 사회적 바람직성 척도(SDS-24)의 타당화 및 적용. 사회복지연구, 49(3), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.16999/KASWS.2018.49.3.87
  6. 김의철, 박영신 (2006). 한국인의 자기 인식에 나타난 토착문화심리 분석 한국심리학회지: 문화 및 사회문제 12(4), 1-36.
  7. 백선숙, 조혜영 (2017). 대학생의 공감과 불안, 사회적 지지가 대학생활 적응에 미치는 영향, Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society, 19(5), 2841-2852. https://doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2017.19.5.2841
  8. 송지준 (2013). 논문작성에 필요한 SPSS/AMOS 통계분석방법 2nd edition (pp 387-402), 21세기사: 파주.
  9. 이향숙 (2009). 진실성과 주관적 안녕감과의 관계에서 기본 심리적 욕구의 매개효과 검증. 아주대학교 석사학위논문.
  10. 전병제 (1974). Self-esteem: A test of its measurability. 연세논총, 11. 109-129.
  11. 조명한, 차경호 (1998). 삶의 질에 대한 국가간 비교. 서울: 집문당.
  12. 홍세희 (2000). 구조 방정식 모형의 적합도 지수 선정기준과 그 근거. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 161-177.
  13. 홍정순 (2015a). 진정성 구성 개념 탐색에 관한 질적 연구. 인간 연구, 30, 109-141.
  14. 홍정순 (2015b). 진정성 척도 개발 및 상담자의 진정성과 작업동맹간의 관계 모형 검증. 가톨릭대학교 박사학위 논문.
  15. 홍정순 (2017). 진정성 척도의 개발 및 타당화 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 29(1), 129-158.
  16. Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.103.3.411
  17. Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2009). The HEXACO-60: A short measure of the major dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 340-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890902935878
  18. Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1998). Carl Rogers' helping system: Journey and substance. London: Sage.
  19. Barrett, L. F. & Gross, J. J. (2001). Emotional intelligence: A process model of emotion representation and regulation. In T. J. Mayne G. A. Bonanno (Ed.), Emotions and Social Behavior. Emotions: Current Issues and Future. Directions, (pp.286-310). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
  20. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motive. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
  21. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84(4), 822-848. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822
  22. Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. [Eds.] Testing Structural Equation Models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 136-162.
  23. Ciarrochi, J., Caputi, P., Mayer, J. D. (2003). The distinctiveness and utility of a measure of trait emotional awareness, Personality and Individual Differences, 34(8), 1477-1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00129-0
  24. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  25. Feldman Barrett, L., Cleveland, J., Conner, T., & Williams, N. L. (2000). Manual for The Defensive Verbal Behavior Ratings Scale (version 3.0). Unpublished manuscript, Boston College.
  26. Fleeson, W., & Wilt, J. (2010). The Relevance of Big Five Trait Content in Behavior to Subjective Authenticity: Do High Levels of Within-Person Behavioral Variability Undermine or Enable Authenticity Achievement? Journal of Personality, 78(4), 1353-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00653.x
  27. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
  28. Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Lee, A. Y. (1999). "I" value freedom, but "we" value relationships: Self-construal priming mirrors cultural differences in judgment. Psychological Science, 10(4), 321-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00162
  29. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis 6th edition. (pp. 776-779) Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
  30. Harter, S., Waters, P. L., Pettit, L., Whitesell, N. R., Kofkin, J., & Jordan, J. V. (1997). Autonomy and connectedness as dimensions of relationship styles in adult men and women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(2), 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407597142001
  31. Higgins, E. T. (1989). Self-discrepancy theory: What patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 93-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60306-8
  32. Higgins, E. T. (1997). Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52(12), 1280-1300. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.12.1280
  33. Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60381-0
  34. Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). chievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.27
  35. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your body and mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Delacorte.
  36. Kernis, M. H., & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Research and theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 284-357). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
  37. Knoll, M., Meyer, B., Kroemer, N. B., & Schroder-Abe, M. (2015). It Takes Two to Be Yourself: An Integrated Model of Authenticity, its Measurement, and its Relationship to Work-Related Variables. Journal of Individual Differences, 36(1), 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000153
  38. Lakey, C. D., Kernis, M. H., Heppner, W. L., & Lance, C. E. (2008). Individual differences in authenticity and mindfulness as predictors of verbal defensiveness. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(1), 230-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2007.05.002
  39. Maltby, J., Wood, A. M., Day, L., & Pinto, D. (2012). The position of authenticity within extant models of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.014
  40. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224-253. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.98.2.224
  41. May, R. (1981). Freedom and Destiny. New York: Basic Books.
  42. Philippot, P., Schaefer, A., Herbette, G. (2003). Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation, Emotion, 3(3), 270-283. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.3.270
  43. Quoidbach, J., Gruber, J., Mikolajczak, M., Kogan, A., Kotsou, I., Norton, M. I. (2014). Emodiversity and the emotional ecosystem, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(6), 2057-2066. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038025
  44. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  45. Rubin, A. & Babbie, E.(2008). Research Methods for Social Work (6th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
  46. Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Muller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  47. Schweder, R.A., & Bourne, L. (1984). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally? In R.A. Schweder & R.A. Levine (Eds.), Culture Theory: Essays on Mind, Self, and Emotion (pp. 158-199). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  48. Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Bhullar, N., Rooke, S. E. (2007). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between emotional intelligence and health, Personality and Individual Differences, 42(6), 921-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.003
  49. Triandis, H. C. (1989). The self and social behavior in differing cultural contexts. Psychological Review, 96, 506-520. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.506
  50. Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M., & Joseph, S.(2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization, and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385-399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385
  51. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  52. Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.