Advances in materials Research

  • 제10권4호
  • /
  • Pages.313-329
  • /
  • 2021
  • /
  • 2234-0912(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-179X(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The flexural behavior of RC beams with sand-coated polypropylene waste coarse aggregate at different w/c ratios

  • Pamudji, Gandjar (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University) ;
  • Haryanto, Yanuar (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University) ;
  • Hu, Hsuan-Teh (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University) ;
  • Asriani, Farida (Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jenderal Soedirman University) ;
  • Nugroho, Laurencius (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University)
  • 투고 : 2021.02.18
  • 심사 : 2021.09.06
  • 발행 : 2021.12.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water/cement (w/c) ratio on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams which contain polypropylene waste coarse aggregates (PWCA) coated with sands subjected to concentrated monotonic load. The process involved the experimental manufacturing of three RC beams with sand-coated PWCA concrete using 0.30, 0.35, and 0.36 w/c ratios at a width of 80 mm, a height of 160 mm, and a length of 1600 mm. The flexural performance, including load-deflection relationship, flexural strength, ductility index, stiffness, as well as toughness was investigated and discussed. Moreover, the analytical approach was verified using the Response-2000 program by comparing the analytical and experimental results. The sand-coated PWCA RC beams were discovered to have the ability to sustain the loads applied effectively by producing a flexural performance which is considered acceptable and reasonable. In addition, the variations in the w/c ratio were observed to have effects on the parameters of the beams investigated. Finally, the ultimate loads recorded for these beams confirmed their acceptability in the analytical investigation.

키워드

과제정보

The research was funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education, Indonesia under the project of "Hibah Penelitian Produk Terapan 2017". The authors thank the anonymous reviewers, whose comments greatly improved the paper.

참고문헌

  1. ACI 213-87 (1987), Guide for Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete, American Concrete Institute: Detroit, MI, USA.
  2. ACI 318M-14 (2015), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American Concrete Institute: Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
  3. Alasadi, S., Shafigh, P. and Ibrahim, Z. (2020), "Experimental study on the flexural behavior of over reinforced concrete beams bolted with compression steel plate: Part I", Appl. Sci., 10(822), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10030822
  4. Alawode, O. and Idowu, O.I. (2011), "Effects of water-cement ratios on the compressive strength and workability of concrete and lateritic concrete mixes", Pac. J. Sci. Technol., 12(2), 99-105.
  5. Arezoumandi, M., Smith, A., Volz, J.S. and Khayat, K.H. (2015), "An experimental study on flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams with 100% recycled concrete aggregate", Eng. Struct., 88, 154-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.01.043
  6. Arora, A. and Dave, U.V. (2013), "Utilization of e-waste and plastic bottle waste in concrete", Int. J. Stu. Res. Technol. Manag., 1(4), 398-406.
  7. Ashour, S.A. (2000), "Effect of compressive strength and tensile reinforcement ratio on flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beams", Eng. Struct., 22(5), 413-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00135-7
  8. ASTM A615 (2018), Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  9. ASTM C1018-97 (1998), Standard Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First-Crack Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third-Point Loading), American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  10. ASTM C595-13 (2013), Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements, American Society for Testing and Materials: West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
  11. Bentz, E.C. (2000), "Sectional Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Members", Ph.D. Dissertation; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
  12. Beygi, M.A.H., Kazemi, M.T., Nikbin, I.M. and Amiri, J.V. (2013), "The effect of water to cement ratio on fracture parameters and brittleness of self-compacting concrete", Mater. Des., 50, 267-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.018
  13. Bharatkumar, B.H., Raghuprasad, B.K., Ramachandramurthy, D.S., Narayanan, R. and Gopalakrishnan, S. (2005), "Effect of fly ash and slag on the fracture characteristics of high performance concrete", Mater. Struct., 38(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480576
  14. Chaboki, H.R., Ghalehnovi, M., Karimipour, A. and De Brito, J. (2018), "Experimental study on the flexural behaviour and ductility ratio of steel fibres coarse recycled aggregate concrete beams", Construct. Build. Mater., 186, 400-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.132
  15. Dattatreya, J.K., Rajamane, N., Sabitha, D., Ambily, P. and Nataraja, M. (2011), "Flexural behaviour of reinforced geopolymer concrete beams", Int. J. Civil Struct. Eng., 2(1), 138-159. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?rep=rep1&type=pdf&doi=10.1.1.214.6800
  16. Djamaluddin, R. (2013), "Flexural behaviour of external reinforced concrete beams", Pro. Eng., 54, 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.03.023
  17. EN 197-1:2011 (2011), Cement-Part 1: Composition, Specifications and Conformity Criteria for Common Cements. European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Standards: Brussels, Belgium.
  18. Fernandes, V., Silva, L., Ferreira, V.M. and Labrincha, J.A. (2005), "Evaluation of mixing and application process parameters of single-coat mortars", Cem. Concrete Res., 35(5), 836-841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.026
  19. Frigione, M. (2010), "Recycling of PET bottles as fine aggregate in concrete", Waste Manag., 30(6), 1101-1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.01.030
  20. Garside, M. (2020), Global Plastic Production 1950-2018. https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950/#statisticContainer
  21. Godat, A., Qu, Z., Lu, X., Labossiere, P., Ye, L.P. and Naele, K.W. (2010), "Size effects for reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear with CFRP strips", J. Compos. Constr., 14(3), 260-271. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000072
  22. Haghighatnejad, N., Mousavi, S.Y., Khaleghi, S.J., Tabarsa, A. and Yousefi, S. (2016), "Properties of recycled PVC aggregate concrete under different curing conditions", Construct. Build. Mater., 126, 943-950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.047
  23. Hanoon, A.N., Jaafar, M.S., Hejazi, F. and Aziz, F.N.A.A. (2017), "Energy absorption evaluation of reinforced concrete beams under various loading rates based on particle swarm optimization technique", Eng. Optim., 49(9), 1483-1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2016.1256729
  24. Haryanto, Y., Han, A.L., Hu, H.-T., Hsiao, F.-P., Hidayat, B.A. and Widyaningrum, A. (2021), "Enhancement of flexural performance of RC beams with steel wire rope by external strengthening technique", J. Chin. Inst. Eng., 44(3), 193-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2021.1871651
  25. Huang, Z., Tu, Y., Meng, S., Bagge, N., Nilimaa, J. and Blanksvard, T. (2019), "Validation of a numerical method for predicting shear deformation of reinforced concrete beams", Eng. Struct., 197, 109367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109367
  26. Isaac, A. (2016), "Effects of using 0.5, 0.55 and 0.6 water cement ratio separately with nigerian grade 42.5r portland cement", Int. J. Sci. Technol. Soc., 4(6), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20160406.11
  27. Islam, J., Sarwar, N. and Al Shafian, S. (2015), "An investigation of concrete properties with polypropylene (PP) as partial replacement of coarse aggregate", Proceeding of International Conference on Recent Innovation in Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development, Gazipur, Bangladesh, December.
  28. Islam, J., Meherier, S. and Islam, A.K.M.R. (2016), "Effects of waste PET as coarse aggregate on the fresh and harden properties of concrete", Construct. Build. Mater., 125, 946-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.128
  29. Kharita, M.H., Yousef, S. and AlNassar, M. (2010), "The effect of the initial water to cement ratio on shielding properties of ordinary concrete", Prog. Nucl. Energy, 52(5), 491-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2009.11.005
  30. Kou, S.C., Lee, G., Poon, C.S. and Lai, W.L. (2009), "Properties of lightweight aggregate concrete prepared with PVC granules derived from scraped PVC pipes", Waste Manag., 29(2), 621-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.014
  31. Lakshmi, R. and Nagan, S. (2010), "Studies on concrete containing E plastic waste", Int. J. Env Sci., 1(3), 270-281.
  32. Lam, N., Wilson, J. and Lumantarna, E. (2011), "Force-deformation behaviour modelling of cracked reinforced concrete by EXCEL spreadsheets", Comput. Concrete, Int. J., 8(1), 43-57. http://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2011.8.1.043
  33. Lotfi-Omran, O., Sadrmomtazi, A. and Nikbin, I.M. (2019), "A comprehensive study on the effect of water to cement ratio on the mechanical and radiation shielding properties of heavyweight concrete", Construct. Build. Mater., 229, 116905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116905
  34. Marthong, C. (2019), "Effect of waste cement bag fibers on the mechanical strength of concrete", Adv. Mater. Res., Int. J., 8(2), 103-115. http://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2019.8.2.103
  35. Mathew, P., Varghese, S., Paul, T. and Varghese, E. (2013), "Recycled plastics as coarse aggregate for structural concrete", Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., 2(3), 687-690.
  36. Mazloom, M. and Mirzamohammadi, S. (2019), "Thermal effects on the mechanical properties of cement mortars reinforced with aramid, glass, basalt and polypropylene fibers", Adv. Mater. Res., Int. J., 8(2), 137-154. http://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2019.8.2.137
  37. Metwally, I.M. (2012), "Evaluate the capability and accuracy of Response-2000 program in prediction of the shear capacities of reinforced and prestressed concrete members", HBRC J., 8, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2012.09.005
  38. Mohammed, H.J. and Aayeel, O.K. (2020), "Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing recycled expandable polystyrene particles", J. Build. Eng., 32, 101805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101805
  39. Mustafa Al Bakri, A.M., Mohammad Tamizi, S., Rafiza, A.R. and Zarina, Y. (2011), "Investigation of HDPE plastic waste aggregate on the properties of concrete", J. Asian Sci. Res., 1(7), 340-345.
  40. Nielsen, M.P. and Cao, H.L. (2010), Limit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity, CRC Press, New York, NY, USA.
  41. Nikbin, I.M., Beygi, M.H.A., Kazemi, M.T., Amiri, J.V., Rabbanifar, S., Rahmani, E. and Rahimi, S. (2014), "A comprehensive investigation into the effect of water to cement ratio and powder content on mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 57, 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.098
  42. Oad, M., Buller, A.H., Memon, B.A., Memon, N.A., Tunio, Z.A. and Memon, M.A. (2019), "Effect of water-cement ratio on flexural strength of RC beams made with partial replacement of coarse aggregates with coarse aggregates from old concrete", Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., 9(1), 3825-3830. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15331.60962
  43. Pam, H.J., Kwan, A.K.H. and Islam, M.S. (2001), "Flexural strength and ductility of reinforced normal- and high-strength concrete beams", Struct. Build., 146(4), 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.146.4.381.45454
  44. Pamudji, G., Purnomo, H., Katili, I. and Imran, I. (2012), "The use of plastics waste as coarse aggregates", Proceeding of the 6th Civil Engineering Conference in Asia Region, Jakarta, Indonesia, August.
  45. Pamudji, G., Satim, M., Chalid, M. and Purnomo, H. (2020), "The influence of river and volcanic sand as coatings on polypropylene waste coarse aggregate towards concrete compressive strength", J. Teknol., 82(4), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v82.14124
  46. Petersson, P.E. (1980), "Fracture energy of concrete: practical performance and experimental results", Cem. Concrete Res., 10(1), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(80)90055-1
  47. Purnomo, H., Pamudji, G. and Satim, M. (2017), "Influence of uncoated and coated plastic waste coarse aggregates to concrete compressive strength", Proceedings of Sriwijaya International Conference on Engineering, Science and Technology (SICEST 2016) (MATEC Web of Conferences), 101, 01016. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710101016
  48. Rao, G.A. (2001), "Generalization of Abrams' law for cement mortars", Cem. Concrete Res., 31(3), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00473-7
  49. Saikia, N. and De Brito, J. (2014), "Mechanical properties and abrasion behaviour of concrete containing shredded PET bottle waste as a partial substitution of natural aggregate", Construct. Build. Mater., 52, 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.049
  50. Seara-Paz, S., Gonzalez-Fonteboa, B., Martinez-Abella, F. and Carro-Lopez, D. (2018), "Long-term flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams with recycled coarse aggregates", Construct. Build. Mater., 176, 593-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.069
  51. Siddique, M.A. and Rouf, M.A. (2006), "Effect of material properties on ductility of reinforced concrete beams", J. Inst. Eng. Malay., 67(3), 33-37.
  52. SNI-03-2834-2000 (2000), Method for Design of Normal Concrete Mixes, The Standardization Council of Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia. [In Indonesian]
  53. SNI-15-7064-2014 (2014), Portland Composite Cement, The Standardization Council of Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia. [In Indonesian]
  54. SNI-1972-2008 (2008), Concrete Slump Test, The Standardization Council of Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia. [In Indonesian]
  55. SNI-2847-2013 (2013), Structural Concrete Arrangements for Buildings, The Standardization Council of Indonesia: Jakarta, Indonesia. [In Indonesian]
  56. Sunayana, S. and Barai, S.V. (2018), "Flexural performance and tension-stiffening evaluation of reinforced concrete beam incorporating recycled aggregate and fly ash", Construct. Build. Mater., 174, 210-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.072
  57. Suryanto, B., Morgan, R. and Han, A.L. (2016), "Predicting the response of shear-critical reinforced concrete beams using response-2000 and SNI 2847:2013", Civil Eng. Dimens., 8(1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.18.1.16-24
  58. Topcu, I.B. and Uygunoglu, T. (2010), "Effect of aggregate type on properties of hardened self consolidating lightweight concrete (SCLC)", Constr. Build. Mater., 24(7), 1286-1295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.007
  59. Wang, X., Saifullah, H.A., Nishikawa, H. and Nakarai, K. (2020), "Effect of water-cement ratio, aggregate type, and curing temperature on the fracture energy of concrete", Construct. Build. Mater., 259, 119646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119646
  60. Yang, K.H., Mun, J.S. and Lee, H. (2014), "Workability and mechanical properties of heavyweight magnetite concrete", ACI Mater. J., 111(3), 273-282. https://doi.org/10.14359/51686570
  61. Yang, I.-H., Joh, C. and Kim, K.-C. (2018), "A comparative experimental study on the flexural behavior of high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete and high-strength concrete beams", Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng., 2018, 7390798-1-7390798-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7390798