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Tropical red alga Compsopogon caeruleus: an indicator of thermally polluted waters of Europe in the context of temperature and oxygen requirements

  • Andrzej S., Rybak (Department of Hydrobiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University) ;
  • Andrzej M., Woyda-Ploszczyca (Department of Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University)
  • Received : 2022.05.21
  • Accepted : 2022.11.18
  • Published : 2022.12.15
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Abstract

The red alga Compsopogon caeruleus can generally be found in tropical and subtropical waters worldwide. In addition to its natural habitats, this species may be found in waters that receive abnormally hot water, e.g., from powerhouses. To date, the presence of C. caeruleus has not been observed in thermally polluted lacustrine ecosystems in Poland, which has a moderate climate. The thalli of this red alga were found growing on Vallisneria spiralis in Lichenskie Lake. Importantly, this paper presents a previously unknown relationship between the temperature (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40℃) and oxygen requirements of C. caeruleus (based on ex situ measurements of O2 consumption by thalli). Surprisingly, 35℃ can be the optimum temperature for C. caeruleus, and this temperature is higher than the values reported by some previous thermal analyses by approximately 10℃. Additionally, we reviewed and mapped the distribution of this nonnative and mesophilic red alga in natural / seminatural water ecosystems in Europe. Finally, we propose that the occurrence of C. caeruleus mature thalli can be a novel, simple and easy-to-recognize bioindicator of artificially and permanently heated waters in moderate climate zones by a regular discharge of postindustrial water.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

We express our thanks to Urszula Sobczynska, Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland, for her assistance in the molecular identification of the species. We are grateful to dr. Jaroslaw Kubiak from the Cartographic and Geodetic Environmental Research Laboratory, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland, for the recalcu lation of some Compsopogon geographical locations, i.e., the conversion from Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates to a geographic coordinate system. This work was supported by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant 2015/19/D/NZ3/00087; principal investigator: dr. hab. Andrzej M. Woyda-Ploszczyca). The sponsor was not involved in preparing the article and deciding to submit the article for publication.

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