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A Review on Ocean Acidification and Factors Affecting It in Korean Waters

우리나라 주변 바다의 산성화 현황과 영향 요인 분석

  • Kim, Tae-Wook (Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University) ;
  • Kim, Dongseon (Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ;
  • Park, Geun-Ha (Marine Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ;
  • Ko, Young Ho (OJEong Resilience Institute, Korea University) ;
  • Mo, Ahra (Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University)
  • 김태욱 (고려대학교 환경생태공학부) ;
  • 김동선 (한국해양과학기술원 해양환경연구센터) ;
  • 박근하 (한국해양과학기술원 해양환경연구센터) ;
  • 고영호 (고려대학교 오정리질리언스 연구원) ;
  • 모아라 (고려대학교 환경생태공학부)
  • Received : 2022.01.26
  • Accepted : 2022.02.14
  • Published : 2022.02.28
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Abstract

The ocean is a significant sink for atmospheric anthropogenic CO2, absorbing one-third of the total CO2 emitted by human activities. In return, oceans have experienced significant declines in seawater pH and the aragonite saturation state also called ocean acidification. This study evaluates the distribution of aragonite saturation state, an indicator to assess the potential threat from ocean acidification, by combining newly obtained data from the west coast of South Korea with previous datasets covering the Yellow Sea, East Sea, northern South China Sea, and southeast coast of South Korea. In general, offshore waters absorb atmospheric CO2; however, most of the collected water samples show aragonite oversaturation. On the southeast coast, the aragonite saturation state was significantly affected by river discharge and associated variables, such as freshwater input with nutrients, seasonal stratification, biological carbon fixation, and bacterial remineralization. In summer, hypoxia and mixing with relatively acidic freshwater made the Jinhae and Gwangyang Bays undersaturated with respect to aragonite, possibly threatening marine organisms with CaCO3 shells. However, widespread aragonite undersaturation was not observed on the west coast, which receives considerable river water discharge. In addition, occasional upwelling events may have worsened the ocean acidification in the southwestern part of the East Sea. These results highlight the importance of investigating site-specific ocean acidification processes in coastal waters. Along with the above-mentioned seasonal factors, the dissolution of atmospheric CO2 and the deposition of atmospheric acidic substances will continue to reduce the aragonite saturation state in Korean waters. To protect marine ecosystems and resources, an ocean acidification monitoring program should be established for Korean waters.

해양은 대기로 배출된 이산화탄소의 30% 가량을 흡수하여 대기 중 이산화탄소 농도를 감소시키는 역할을 하였으나, 이 때문에 해양의 pH와 탄산염 이온(CO32-)이 감소하는 해양산성화 현상을 겪고 있다. 본 논문에서는 황해 연안역의 신규 관측자료를 타 해역에서 획득된 기존 연구자료와 합쳐서 우리나라 주변 해역의 해양산성화 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 우리나라 주변의 황해, 동해, 동중국해(남해 포함)는 대기 중 이산화탄소를 흡수하고 있으나, 외해 대부분의 해역에서 해양산성화의 지표인 아라고나이트 포화도가 1 이상인 것으로 나타났다. 남해 동부 연안역에서는 담수 공급으로 인한 희석과 성층 형성, 생물에 의한 유기물 생성과 분해가 표층과 저층의 계절적 해양산성화 변동에 큰 영향을 끼쳤다. 진해만은 빈산소화 현상, 광양만은 담수로 인한 희석으로 여름철 광범위한 해역에서 아라고나이트 포화도가 1 미만으로 감소하여, 탄산칼슘 패각(CaCO3 shell)을 가진 생물들에게 잠재적 위협이 될 것으로 보고되었다. 하지만 담수 유입이 많은 황해 연안역에서는 진해만과 광양만과 같이 뚜렷하고 광범위한 산성화는 발견되지 않았기 때문에, 연안역에서는 각 해역별 특성에 따라 해양산성화의 양상을 진단해야 할 필요가 있었다. 우리나라 동해 남서부 해역의 계절적 용승 현상 역시 해양산성화에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이런 계절적 요인과 더불어, 대기 중의 이산화탄소 및 산성물질이 해양으로 계속 유입되면서, 우리나라 바다의 아라고나이트 포화도가 지속적으로 감소할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 해양산성화로부터 수산자원과 해양생태계를 보호하기 위해 향후 체계적인 해양산성화 모니터링을 강화해야 할 것이다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 논문의 개선을 위해 의견을 제시해 주신 세 분의 심사위원께 감사드립니다. 그리고 관측자료 활용을 허락하여 주신 포항공과대학교와 한국해양과학기술원, 해양관측에 많은 도움을 주신 국립수산과학원과 해양환경공단에 감사드립니다. 이 논문은 연구재단(NRF-2019R1A2C2089994)의 지원을 받아 작성되었습니다.

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