Nutrition Research and Practice

The Korean Nutrition Society (한국영양학회)
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Evidence and suggestions for establishing vitamin D intake standards in Koreans for the prevention of chronic diseases

  • Kim, Jung Hyun (Major of Food and Nutrition, PaiChai University) ;
  • Park, Hyoung Su (R&D Unit, Maeil Health Nutrition Co., Ltd.) ;
  • Pae, Munkyong (Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungbuk National University) ;
  • Park, Kyung Hee (Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital) ;
  • Kwon, Oran (Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University)
  • Received : 2021.12.06
  • Accepted : 2022.03.23
  • Published : 2022.05.20
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Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D is produced in the skin during sun exposure and is also ingested from foods. The role of vitamin D needs to be considered in the prevention and management of various diseases. Moreover, since the majority of Koreans spend their days indoors, becoming susceptible to the risk of vitamin D deficiency. The current study aims to prepare a basis for determining dietary reference intake of vitamin D in Korea, by reviewing the evidence against various diseases and risks. MATERIALS/METHODS: Literature published in Korea and other countries between 2014 and 2018 was prioritized based on their study design and other criteria, and evaluated using the RoB 2.0 assessment form and United States Department of Agriculture Nutrition Evidence Library Conclusion Statement Evaluation Criteria. RESULTS: Of the 1,709 studies, 128 studies were included in the final systematic analysis after screening. To set the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D based on the selected articles, blood 25(OH)D levels and indicators of bone health were used collectively. Blood vitamin D levels and ultraviolet (UV) exposure time derived from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to establish the dietary reference intakes of vitamin D for each stage of the life cycle. The adequate intake levels of vitamin D, according to age and gender, were determined to be in the range of 5-15 ㎍/day, and the tolerable upper intake level was established at 25-100 ㎍/day. CONCLUSIONS: The most important variable for vitamin D nutrition is lifestyle. A balanced diet comprising foods with high contents of vitamin D is important, as is vitamin D synthesis after UV exposure. The adequate intake level of vitamin D mentioned in the 2015 Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRI) remained unchanged in the 2020 KDRI for the management of vitamin D nutrition in Koreans.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the chairs and members of the 2020 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) review committee, and the 6 working subcommittees (age and physique, infants, energy & macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and applications), for their tremendous efforts in establishing the 2020 KDRI.

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