Korean Journal of Environmental Biology (환경생물)

Korean Society of Environmental Biology (한국환경생물학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Alexandrium pacificum(Group IV) isolated from Jangmok Bay, Korea: Morphology, phylogeny, and effects of temperature, salinity, and nutrient levels on growth

장목만에서 분리한 유독 와편모조류 Alexandrium pacificum(Group IV): 형태, 계통 분류와 온도, 염분 및 영양염 농도 차이에 따른 성장 변화

  • Kyong Ha Han (Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ;
  • Joo Yeon Youn (Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ;
  • Kyeong Yoon Kwak (Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ;
  • Zhun Li (Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology) ;
  • Wonchoel Lee (Department of Environmental Science, Hanyang University) ;
  • Hyeon Ho Shin (Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology)
  • 한경하 (한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관) ;
  • 윤주연 (한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관) ;
  • 곽경윤 (한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관) ;
  • ;
  • 이원철 (한양대학교 환경과학과) ;
  • 신현호 (한국해양과학기술원 해양시료도서관)
  • Received : 2022.09.02
  • Accepted : 2022.09.15
  • Published : 2022.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

A strain of Alexandrium species was established by isolating cells from Jangmok Bay, Korea. Its morphology and molecular phylogeny based on LSU rRNA gene sequences were examined. In addition, growth responses of this Alexandrium species to changes in temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentrations were investigated. This Alexandrium species from Jangmok Bay had a ventral pore on the 1', which was morphologically consistent with previously described Alexandrium tamarense and A. catenella. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this isolate was assigned to A. pacificum (Group IV) within A. tamarense species complex. In growth experiments, relatively high growth rates and cell densities of A. pacificum (Group IV) were observed at 15℃ and 20℃. This species also grew under a wide range of salinity. This indicates that this Korean isolate of A. pacificum (Group IV) is a stenothermic and euryhaline species. In growth responses to changes in nutrient levels, enhanced growth rates and cell densities of A. pacificum(Group IV) were observed with additions of nitrate and phosphate. In particular, rapid uptakes of phosphate by A. pacificum (Group IV) were observed in experimental treatments, indicating that the increase in phosphate concentration could stimulate the growth of A. pacificum(Group IV).

장목만에서 분리한 Alexandrium 종의 배양주를 확보하여 형태와 계통분류를 통해 종을 명확히 하고 온도, 염분 및 영양염 농도 차이에 따른 성장 반응을 파악하였다. 확보한 Alexandrium 종은 형태적으로 Alexandrium catenella, A. tamarense와 구분이 되지 않았다. 하지만, 분자계통도 작성을 통해 장목만에서 분리한 Alexandrium 종은 A. tamarense species complex 내의 A. pacificum (Group IV)에 속하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 온도에 대한 성장 반응 실험에서 A. pacificum (Group IV)는 15℃와 20℃에서 높은 성장 속도와 유영세포 농도를 보였고, 염분에 대한 성장 반응 실험에서 A. pacificum (Group IV)은 염분 20~35 psu의 넓은 염분 범위에서 성장하였다. 즉, A. pacificum(Group IV)은 협온성, 광염성의 특징을 가진다. 그리고 영양염 첨가에 따른 성장반응 실험에서, A. pacificum (Group IV)은 질산염과 인산염의 농도 증가와 함께 성장을 하였지만, 질산염과 인산염에 대해 다른 소비 전략을 가지는 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 해양수산과학기술진흥원 해양생물 마이크로 바이옴 분석과 적용 연구를 통한 마린바이오틱스 개발사업(20210469)과 한국해양과학기술원(PEA0021), 한국연구재단(NRF-2022M3H9A1083416)의 지원을 받아 수행되었음.

References

  1. Anderson DM, DM Kulis, GJ Doucette, JC Gallagher and E Balech. 1994. Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada. Mar. Biol. 120:467-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00680222
  2. Anderson DM, TA Alpermann, AD Cembella, Y Collos, E Masseret and M Montresor. 2012. The globally distributed genus Alexandrium, Multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health. Harmful Algae 12:10-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.012
  3. Anderson DM. 2009. Approaches to monitoring, control and management of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Ocean Coastal Manage. 52:342-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/ocecoaman.2009.04.006
  4. Balech E. 1995. The Genus Alexandrium Halim (Dinoflagellata). Sherkin Island Marine Station. Cork, Ireland.
  5. Bui QTN, H Kim, H Park and JS Ki. 2021. Salinity affects saxitoxins (STXs) toxicity in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum, with low transcription of SXT-biosynthesis genes sxtA4 and sxtG. Toxins 13:733. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13100733
  6. Darriba D, GL Taboada, R Doallo and D Posada. 2012. jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat. Methods 9:772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
  7. Elmgren R and U Larsson. 2001. Nitrogen and the Baltic Sea: managing nitrogen in relation to phosphorus. Sci. World 1:371-377. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.291
  8. Guillard RRL. 1973. Division rates. In: Handbook of Phycological Methods: Culture Methods and Growth Measurements (Stein JR ed.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
  9. Guindon S and O Gascuel. 2003. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst. Biol. 52:696-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520
  10. Hallegraeff GM. 2003. Harmful algal blooms: a global overview. pp. 25-50. In: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. UNESCO Publishing. https://doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1370
  11. Han MS, JK Jeon and YO Kim. 1992. Occurrence of dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, a causative organism of paralytic shellfish poisoning in Chinhae Bay, Korea. J. Plankton Res. 14:1581-1592. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/14.11.1581
  12. Harada T, Y Oshima, H Kamiya and T Yasumoto. 1982. Confirmation of paralytic shellfish toxins in the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressa and bivalves in Palau. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48:821-825. https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.48.821
  13. John U, RW Litaker, M Montresor, S Murray, ML Brosnahan and DM Anderson. 2014. Formal revision of the Alexandrium tamarense species complex (Dinophyceae) taxonomy: The introduction of five species with emphasis on molecular-based (rDNA) classification. Protist 165:779-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protis.2014.10.001
  14. Juhl AR, V Velazquez and MI Latz. 2000. Effect of growth conditions on flow-induced inhibition of population growth of a redtide dinoflagellate. Limnol. Oceanogr. 45:905-915. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2000.45.4.0905
  15. Kim YO, J Choi, SH Baek, M Lee and HM Oh. 2020. Tracking Alexandrium catenella from seed-bed to bloom on the southern coast of Korea. Harmful Algae 99:101922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101922
  16. Kwon HK, JA Park, HS Yang and SJ Oh. 2013. Dominance and survival strategy of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium catenella under dissolved inorganic nitrogen-limited conditions. J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Energy 16:25-35. https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2013.16.1.25
  17. Lee CK, OH Lee and SG Lee. 2005a. Impacts of temperature, salinity, and irradiance on the growth of ten harmful algal bloom-forming microalgae isolated in Korean Coastal waters. The Sea 10:79-91.
  18. Lee HO and MS Han. 2003. Spring bloom of Alexandrium tamarense in Chinhae Bay, Korea. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 33:271-278. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame033271
  19. Lee HO, NW Lee, T Katano and MS Han. 2006. Growth characteristics for toxic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella isolated from Jinhae Bay, Korea. Korean J. Environ. Biol. 24:147-154.
  20. Lee WJ, K Shin, PG Jang, MC Jang and NJ Park. 2005b. Summer pattern of phytoplankton distribution at a station in Jangmok bay. Ocean Sci. J. 40:109-117. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03022605
  21. Leong SCY, M Maekawa and S Taguchi. 2010. Carbon and nitrogen acquisition by the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in response to different nitrogen sources and supply modes. Harmful Algae 9:48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2009.07.003
  22. Li TS, RC Yu and MJ Zhou. 2011. Short-term effects of different nitrogen substances on growth and toxin production of dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella Balech(strain ACDH). Harmful Algae 12:46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2011.08.011
  23. Lilly EL, KM Halanych and DM Anderson. 2007. Species boundaries and global biogeography of the Alexandrium tamarense complex (Dinophyceae) 1. J. Phycol. 43:1329-1338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00420.x
  24. Murray SA, R Diwan, RJ Orr, GS Kohli and U John. 2015. Gene duplication, loss and selection in the evolution of saxitoxin biosynthesis in alveolates. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 92:165-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.06.017
  25. Nam KT and SJ Oh. 2021. Influence of water temperature and salinity on the production of paralytic shellfish poisoning by toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Group I). Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Saf. 27:119-126. https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2021.27.1.119
  26. Oh SJ, JA Park, HK Kwon, HS Yang and WA Lim. 2012. Ecophysiogical studies on the population dynamics of two toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Alexandrium catenella isolated from the Southern coast of Korea I. Effects of temperature and salinity on the growth. J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Energy 15:133-141. https://doi.org/10.7846/JKOSMEE.2012.15.2.133
  27. Oshima Y, M Hasegawa, T Yasumoto, G Hallegraeff and S Blackburn. 1987. Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum as the source of paralytic shellfish toxins in Tasmanian shellfish. Toxicon 25:1105-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(87)90267-4
  28. Paredes-mella J, D Verela, P Fernandez and O Espinoza-Gonzalez. 2020. Growth performance of Alexandrium catenella from the Chilean fjords under different environmental drivers: plasticity as a response to a highly variable environment. J. Plankton Res. 42:119-134. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbaa011
  29. Prud'homme van Reine WF. 2017. Report of the nomenclature committee for algae: 15. Taxon 66:191-192. https://doi.org/10.12705/661.16
  30. Ronquist F and JP Huelsenbeck. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572-1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
  31. Shin HH, Z Li, D Reveillon, GA Rovillon, KN Mertens, P Hess, HJ Kim, JH Lee, KW Lee, DK Kim, BS Park, J Hwang, MH Seo and WA Lim. 2020. Centrodinium punctatum (Dinophyceae) produces significant levels of saxitoxin and related analogs. Harmful Algae 100:101923 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101923
  32. Shin HH, Z Li, ES Kim, JW Park and WA Lim. 2017. Which species, Alexandrium catenella (Group I) or A. pacificum (Group IV), is really responsible for past paralytic shellfish poisoning outbreaks in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea? Harmful Algae 68:31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2017.07.006
  33. Shin HH, Z Li, HJ Kim, BS Park, J Lee, AY Shin, TG Park, KW Lee, KH Han, JY Youn, KY Kwak, MH Seo, D Kim, MH Son, DJ Kim, K Shin and WA Lim. 2021. Alexandrium catenella (Group I) and A. pacificum (Group IV) cyst germination, distribution, and toxicity in Jinhae-Masan Bay, Korea. Harmful Algae 110:102122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2021.102122
  34. Smayda TJ. 1997. Harmful algal blooms: Their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton bloom in the sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42:1137-1153. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.5_part_2.1137
  35. Smayda TJ. 2000. Ecological features of harmful algal blooms in coastal upwelling ecosystems. Afr. J. Mar. Sci. 22:219-253. https://doi.org/10.2989/025776100784125816
  36. Sommer U. 1989. The role of competition for resources in phytoplankton succession. pp. 57-106. In: Plankton Ecology: Succession in Plankton Communities. Springer. Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74890-5_3
  37. Takano Y and T Horiguchi. 2006. Acquiring scanning electron microscopical, light microscopical and multiple gene sequence data from a single dinoflagellate cell 1. J. Phycol. 42:251-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00177.x
  38. Taylor FJR, Y Fukuyo, J Larsen and GM Hallegrae. 2003. Taxonomy of harmful dinoflagellates. pp. 389-432. In: Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae (Hallegrae GM, DM Anderson and AD Cembella eds.). IOC-UNESCO. Paris.
  39. Tilman D. 1982. Resource Competition and Community Structure. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ.
  40. Wang DZ and DP Hsieh. 2002. Effects of nitrate and phosphate on growth and C2 toxin productivity of Alexandrium tamarense CI01 in culture. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45:286-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00183-2
  41. Yamamoto T and K Tarutani. 1997. Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense isolated from Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Jpn. J. Phycol. 45:95-101.
  42. Yamamoto T, Y Yoshizu and K Tarutani. 1995. Effect of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense isolated from Mikawa Bay, Japan. Jpn. J. Phycol. 43:91-98. https://doi.org/10.4490/ALGAE.2004.19.4.293