Human Ecology Research

The Korean Home Economics Association (대한가정학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Individual, Family, and Work Factors Influencing the Psychosocial Well-being of Working Mothers with Preschool Children

미취학 자녀를 둔 취업모의 심리사회적 안녕감에 영향을 미치는 요인 탐색: 개인, 가족, 직장 관련 변인 중심으로

  • Choe, Myeong Ae (Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Pusan National University) ;
  • An, Jeong Shin (Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Pusan National University)
  • 최명애 (부산대학교 아동가족학과) ;
  • 안정신 (부산대학교 아동가족학과)
  • Received : 2022.05.22
  • Accepted : 2022.07.12
  • Published : 2022.08.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study examined the factors influencing the psychosocial well-being of working mothers of preschool children. It investigated the mediation effects of sociological ambivalence in the relations of psychosocial well-being with a family-supportive work environment and with the gender-role stereotype of family members. In addition, it tested the moderated mediation effects of the traditional gender-role attitudes in workplace and meta-mood. Data were obtained from 476 working mothers of preschool children. Using SPSS 25.0, Cronbach's alpha reliability was calculated, descriptive statistics were generated, and Pearson's correlation analysis performed. Mediation and moderated mediation analyses were carried out using the SPSS process macro 3.5 program. The main results were as follows: first, sociological ambivalence mediated the relationship between psychosocial well-being and a family-supportive work environment. The mediating effect of sociological ambivalence was moderated by emotional attention, a sub-factor of meta-mood. Second, sociological ambivalence mediated the relationship between psychosocial well-being and the gender-role stereotype of family members. In addition, the traditional gender-role attitudes in workplace moderated the mediating effect of sociological ambivalence on the relationship between the gender-role stereotype of family members and psychosocial well-being. These results can be used to inform discussion on changing policy and education to improve the psychosocial well-being of working mothers with preschool children.

Keywords

References

  1. An, J. S., Han, G. H., & Cha, S. E. (2004). Psychological well-being structure and item information of Korean adults. The Korean Journal of Human Development. 11(4), 75-93.
  2. Bonney, J. F., & Kelley, M. (1996). Development of a measure assessing maternal and paternal beliefs regarding the parental role: The beliefs concerning the parental role scale. (Unpublished manuscript). Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA.
  3. Cho, Y. J., & Im, I. H. (2016). Development and validation of the Korean version of the maternal.paternal role belief scale. Journal of Early Childhood Education & Educare Welfare, 20(3), 69-100.
  4. Cho, Y. J., & Lee, S. H. (1998). Employed mothers' work-family conflict and social support variables. Yonsei Journal of Human Ecology, 12, 94-103.
  5. Choe, M. A., & An, J. S. (2021). Study of the social wellbeing of working mothers of preschool children. Family and Environment Research, 59(3), 297-310. https://doi.org/10.6115/fer.2021.022
  6. Choi, Y. J., & Son, E. J. (2016). The effects of spouse support and career resilience on career preparation behavior among career-interrupted women: The mediating role of career self-efficacy. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 21(4), 749-768. https://doi.org/10.18205/KPA.2016.21.4.008
  7. Connidis, I. A. (2015). Exploring ambivalence in family ties: Progress and prospects. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12150
  8. Connidis, I. A., & McMullin, J. A. (2002). Sociological ambivalence and family ties: A critical perspective. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 558-567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00558.x
  9. Greenberger, E., & O'Neil, R. (1993). Spouse, parent, worker: Role commitments and role-related experiences in the construction of adults' well-being. Developmental Psychology, 29(2), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.181
  10. Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. (2000). Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5 (1), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.5.1.111
  11. Ha, O. R., & Kwon, J. H. (2006). Mental health and role satisfaction of working mothers: Role conflict, perfectionism, and family/spouse support. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25(3), 675-696.
  12. Han, J. Y. (2014). The research on factors influencing the mother's intention to give birth to the second child (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea.
  13. Han, Y. S. (2011). Subjective awareness on division of household labor and fairness of married men and women (Unpublished master's thesis). Sangmyeong University, Seoul, Korea.
  14. Im, J. O., & Jang, S. S. (2004). A study on relationships among the stress, emotional clarity, and life satisfaction. Student Counseling of Catholic University, 22, 67-84.
  15. Jeon, S. H. (2014). The effects of female teachers' participation in family affairs and child rearing on their job stress and teacher efficacy (Unpublished master's thesis). Gangwon University, Chuncheon, Korea.
  16. Jeong, G. H., & Ryu, J. H. (2020). Effects of work-family conflict among public social welfare officers on turnover intentions: Focus on the mediating effects of exhaustion and job satisfaction. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 11(7), 337-344. https://doi.org/10.15207/JKCS.2020.11.7.337
  17. Jeong, J. H. (1983) The effects of mothers' gender-role attitude on their daughters (Unpublished master's thesis). Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea.
  18. Jeong, Y. J., & Jeon, G. Y. (2014). The effects of family-friendly policies and work-family culture on parenting stress and parenting efficacy of working parents with infants. Journal of Family Relations, 19(1), 3-28.
  19. Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121-140. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065
  20. Kim, A. S. (2009). Meta-moods, problem-solving behaviors, and marital satisfactions. Journal of Human Understanding and Counseling, 30(1), 81-95.
  21. Kim, E. G., & Shim, J. S. (2016). The effects of sex roles in family on work-family conflict. Public Policy Review, 30(4), 323-347. https://doi.org/10.17327/IPPA.2016.30.4.013
  22. Kim, H. J. (2005). Relationship between meta-mood experience and empathy (Unpublished master's thesis). Catholic University, Seoul, Korea.
  23. Kim, H. W., & Kim, M. S. (1998). Psychological effect of employment on married women in relation to the women's gender-role and son-preference attitudes. The Korean Journal of Woman Psychology, 3(1), 35-50.
  24. Kim, J. H. (2011). The effects of employed and unemployed mother's parenting efficacy and parental role satisfaction on life-satisfaction. Family and Environment Research, 49 (5), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.6115/khea.2011.49.5.049
  25. Kim, N. H., Lee, E. J., Kwak, S. Y., & Park, M. R. (2013). A phenomenological study on the experiences of parenting burden of working mother with young children in Korea. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 19(3), 188-200. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2013.19.3.188
  26. Kim, P. S., & Kim, T. H. (2010). The mediation effect analysis of work-family conflicts on the effect of family friendly corporate culture on the performance of human resources. Journal of Family Relations, 15(2), 3-29.
  27. Kim, S. Y., Kim, S. M., & Lee, K. Y. (2011). A qualitative study on dual earner families' work and family lives for ideal work-family balance. Journal of Family Resource Management, 15(1), 93-116.
  28. Kim, Y. R. (2020, July). Family life and family policy agenda during COVID-19. Paper presented at the 3rd Seminar related to COVID-19 of Korean Womens Development Institute, Seoul, Korea.
  29. Lee, H. K. (2020). Moderated mediation analysis using PROCESS macro. Paju: Shinyeongsa.
  30. Lee, S. I., Lee, S. H., & Kwon, Y. I. (2007). Influence of family support and family-supportive organizational cultures on employed mothers' work-family conflict. Journal of Family Relations, 12(3), 29-57.
  31. Lee, S. J., & Lee, H. G. (1997). The research on the validation of the trait meta-mood scale : The domain exploration of the emotional intelligence. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 11(1), 95-116.
  32. Lee, S. M., & Lee, S. H. (2010). The quality of multiple roles and psychological health of employed mothers. Journal of Family Relations, 15(3), 67-90.
  33. Lee, Y. E. (2019). The mediation effect of meta-mood in the relationship between daily stress and psychological well-being of adolescents (Unpublished master's thesis). Ajou University, Suwon, Korea.
  34. Lee, Y. H., Bang, M. J., & Oh, S. J. (2005). The effect of family supportive organizational culture on organizational commitment, work satisfaction, turnover intention, and family life satisfaction. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 18(3), 639-657.
  35. Lowenstein, A. (2007). Solidarity-conflict and ambivalence: Testing two conceptual frameworks and their impact on quality of life for older family members. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62(2), 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.2.s100
  36. Luscher, K. (2004). Conceptualizing and uncovering intergenerational ambivalence. In K. Pillemer & K. Luscher (Eds), Intergenerational ambivalences: New perspectives on parent-child relations in later life (pp. 23-62). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1530-3535(03)04002-0
  37. Luscher, K. (2005). Looking at ambivalence: the contriution of a "new - old" view of intergenerational relations to the study of the life course. Advances in Life Course Research, 10, 93-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1040-2608(05)10003-3
  38. Luscher, K. (2011). Ambivalence: A "sensitizing construct" for the study and practice of intergenerational relationships. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 9(2), 191-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2011.568338
  39. Mason, K. O., & Bumpass, L. L. (1975). US women's sex-role ideology, 1970. American Journal of Sociology, 80(5), 1212-1219. https://doi.org/10.1086/225951
  40. Mayer, J. D., & Gaschke, Y. N. (1988). The experience and meta-experience of mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(1), 102-111. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.1.102
  41. Mun, J. H., & An, J. S. (2014). The ambivalence of adult children toward elderly parents. Journal of the Korean Gerontological Society, 34(2), 409-429.
  42. Mun, J. H., & An, J. S. (2019). The moderation effect of cognitive emotion regulation on the relationship between ambivalence and psychological well-being of middle aged children. Korean Journal of Human Echology, 28(3), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2019.28.3.247
  43. National Statistical Office. (2021). Regional employment survey. Retrieved March 12, 2022, from https://kostat.go.kr/
  44. NICHD. (1999). NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Retrieved October 27, 2021, from http://public.rti.org/secc/
  45. Osmond, M. W., & Martin, P. Y. (1975). Sex and sexism: A comparison of male and female sex-role attitudes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 37(4), 744-758. https://doi.org/10.2307/350825
  46. Ozeki, C. (2003). The effects of a family-supportive work environment on work-to-family conflict, family-to-work conflict, and emotional exhaustion. Does income level matter? (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA.
  47. Park, J. H. (2018). The moderating effect of spousal support and support systems for work-family compatibility on work-family conflict and psychological well-being of working mothers. Journal of Family Resource Management, 22(3), 43-59.
  48. Pillemer, K., & Suitor, J. J. (2002). Explaining mothers' ambivalence toward their adult children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 602-613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00602.x
  49. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  50. Ryu, H. S., Jang, I. B., & Yeom, Y. B. (2013). The survey research and policy implications for reemployment of career-interrupted women. The Journal of Korean Policy Studies, 13(1), 51-75.
  51. Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995). Emotional attention, clarity, and repair: Exploring emotional intelligence using the trait meta-mood scale. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, & health (pp. 125-154). Washington: American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10182-006
  52. Seol, J. H., & Park, S. H. (2019). The effect of negative experience related to work-family multiple roles on internalizing problems of employed mothers with preschool children: The mediating effect of sociotropy. Korean Psychological Journal of Culture and Social Issues, 25(1), 55-77. https://doi.org/10.20406/KJCS.2019.2.25.1.055
  53. Shin, H. R., Lee, N. R., & Lee, S. H. (2014). Family-supportive organizational cultures and family leisure experiences for full-time employers. Journal of Family Relations, 18(4), 71-93.
  54. Suitor, J. J., Gilligan, M., & Pillemer, K. (2011). Conceptualizing and measuring intergenerational ambivalence in later life. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(6), 769-781. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr108
  55. Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6
  56. Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., & Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(3), 392-415. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681
  57. Willson, A. E., Shuey, K. M., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2003). Ambivalence in the relationship of adult children to aging parents and in laws. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65(4), 1055-1072. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.01055.x
  58. Yang, E. H., & Choi, H. S. (2011). A study on the relationships between psychological well-being and parenting self-efficacy of preschooler mothers. The Journal of Korea Open Association for Early Childhood Education, 16(6), 211-230.
  59. Yang, S. N., & Shin, C. S. (2011). Work-family conflicts: Challenges of working mothers with young children. Health and Social Welfare Review, 31(3), 70-103. https://doi.org/10.15709/HSWR.2011.31.3.70
  60. Ye, H. S., & An, J. S. (2020). Differences in psychological characteristics and social support by role perception type of working mothers with preschool children. Journal of Family Relations, 25(2), 123-141. https://doi.org/10.21321/jfr.25.2.123
  61. Yoo, G. S. (2008). The effects of family-friendly culture on employees' work-family balance and qualities of lives. Journal of Korean Home Management Association, 26(5), 27-37.
  62. Yoo, H. S. (1999). Participation of household labor and marital satisfaction of employed wives and husband (Unpublished master's thesis). Sangmyeong University, Seoul, Korea.
  63. Zygowicz, S. D. (2006). Interpersonal complementarity and intergenerational ambivalence: Parent-adult child relationship . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Arizona state university, Tempe, USA.