DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Trans-Parasocial Relation Between Influencers and Viewers on Live Streaming Platforms: How Does it Affect Viewer Stickiness and Purchase Intention?

  • Received : 2022.05.29
  • Accepted : 2022.06.02
  • Published : 2022.07.31

Abstract

Live streaming has become one of the most important communication tools for influencers to synchronously interact with viewers. It is critical to understand the effect of the reciprocal and synchronously interactive relations built between influencers and viewers, so-called trans-parasocial relations, in the context of live streaming. In this study, we investigate how trans-parasocial relations impact viewers' stickiness and purchase intention on live streaming platforms. Furthermore, we investigate fanship as a mediating factor in the relationship between trans-parasocial relations and viewers' behaviors. Overall, the results reveal significant direct and indirect effects of trans-parasocial relations on viewers' stickiness and purchase intention. Higher trans-parasocial relations further lead to stronger viewers' fanship toward influencers and increases their willingness to stay longer or make purchases on live streaming platforms. These findings further the understanding of influencer-viewer relations and viewers' behavior on live streaming platforms and provide valuable insights into influencer marketing and live streaming.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2410-H-110-083-MY2). This research was supported by the fund of Yonsei Business Research Institute.

References

  1. Abidin, Crystal (2015), "Communicative intimacies: Influencers and perceived interconnectedness," Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, and Technology, 8, 1-16 (Gender, Globalization and the Digital).
  2. Akar, Ezgi and Tevfik Dalgic (2018), "Understanding online consumers' purchase intentions: A contribution from social network theory," Behaviour & Information Technology, 37 (5), 473-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1456563
  3. Annamalai, Balamurugan, Masayuki Yoshida, Sanjeev Varshney, Atul Arun Pathak, and Pingali Venugopal (2021), "Social media content strategy for sport clubs to drive fan engagement," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, Article 102648.
  4. Bond, Bradley J. (2018), "Parasocial relationships with media personae: Why they matter and how they differ among heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents," Media Psychology, 21 (3), 457-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1416295
  5. Chen, Chia-Chen and Yi-Chen Lin (2018), "What drives livestream usage intention? The perspectives of flow, entertainment, social interaction, and endorsement," Telematics and Informatics, 35 (1), 293-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.12.003
  6. Colliander, Jonas and Micael Dahlen (2011), "Following the fashionable friend: The power of social media," Journal of Advertising Research, 51 (1), 313-20. https://doi.org/10.2501/JAR-51-1-313-320
  7. Cortina, Jose M. (1993), "What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications," Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 (1), 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.1.98
  8. Cronbach, L.J. (1951), "Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests," Psychometrika, 16, 297-334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555
  9. Danaher, Peter J., Guy W. Mullarkey, and Skander Essegaier (2006), "Factors affecting web site visit duration: A crossdomain analysis," Journal of Marketing Research, 43 (2), 182-94. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.43.2.182
  10. De Jesus, Cristina Fretitas (2021), "BangBangCon: The live" - a case study on live performances and marketing strategies with the Korean-pop group "BTS" during the pandemic scenario in 2020," Asia Marketing Journal, 22 (4), 63-78. https://doi.org/10.15830/amj.2020.22.4.63
  11. Dibble, Jayson L., Tilo Hartmann, and Sarah F. Rosaen (2016), "Parasocial interaction and parasocial relationship: Conceptual clarification and a critical assessment of measures," Human Communication Research, 42 (1), 21-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12063
  12. Donabedian, Tvine (2021), "They're worth my investment": Cultivating intimacy through fan-lead financial and support initiatives among BTS fans," Asia Marketing Journal, 22 (4), 103-16. https://doi.org/10.15830/amj.2020.22.4.103
  13. Gantz, Walter and Nicky Lewis (2021), "Sports fanship changes across the lifespan," Communication & Sport, https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479521991812
  14. Gantz, Walter and Lawrence A. Wenner (1995), "Fanship and the television sports viewing experience," Sociology of Sport Journal, 12 (1), 56-74. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.1.56
  15. Hair, Joseph F., W.C. Black, B.J. Babin, and R.E. Anderson (2019), "Multivariate data analysis," 8th ed. Cengage, Andover.
  16. Ham, Minjeong and Sang Woo Lee (2020), "Factors influencing viewing behavior in live streaming: An interview-based survey of music fans," Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 4 (3), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti4030050
  17. Hilvert-Bruce, Zorah, T. Neill James, Max Sjoblom, and Juho Hamari (2018), "Social motivations of live-streaming viewer engagement on Twitch," Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.02.013
  18. Horton, Donald and R. Richard Wohl (1956), "Parasocial interaction and parasocial relationship: Conceptual clarification and a critical assessment of measure," Psychiatry, 19 (3), 215-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
  19. Hudders, L. and S. De Jans (2022), "Gender effects in influencer marketing: An experimental study on the efficacy of endorsements by same- vs. Other-gender social media influencers on Instagram," International Journal of Advertising, 41 (1), 128-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2021.1997455
  20. Hu, Mu, Mingli Zhang, and Yu Wang (2017), "Why do audiences choose to keep watching on live video streaming platforms? An explanation of dual identification framework," Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 594-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.006
  21. Kemp, Simon (2022), "Digital 2022 global overview report," Hootsuite (January 2022).
  22. Kim, Woo Bin and Ho Jung Choo (2019), "The effects of SNS fashion influencer authenticity on follower behavior intention-focused on the mediation effect of fanship," Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 43 (1), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2019.43.1.17
  23. Kowert, Rachel and Emory Daniel Jr. (2021), "The one-and-a-half sided parasocial relationship: The curious case of live streaming," Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 4, Article 100150.
  24. Laffan, Derek A. (2021), "Positive psychosocial outcomes and fanship in K-pop fans: A social identity theory perspective," Psychological Reports, 124 (5), 2272-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120961524
  25. Li, You, Xiaolin Li, and Jiali Cai (2021), "How attachment affects user stickiness on live streaming platforms: A socio-technical approach perspective," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 60, Article 102478.
  26. Lim, Joon Soo, Min-Ji Choe, Jun Zhang, and Ghee-Young Noh (2020), "The role of wishful identification, emotional engagement, and parasocial relationships in repeated viewing of live-streaming games: A social cognitive theory perspective," Computers in Human Behavior, 108, Article 106327.
  27. Lin, Judy Chuan-Chuan (2007), "Online stickiness: Its antecedents and effect on purchasing intention," Behaviour & Information Technology, 26 (6), 507-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/01449290600740843
  28. Li, Yi and Yi Peng (2021), "What drives gift-giving intention in live streaming? The perspectives of emotional attachment and flow experience," International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 37 (14), 1317-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1885224
  29. Lou, Chen (2021), "Social media influencers and followers: Theorization of a trans-parasocial relation and explication of its implications for influencer advertising," Journal of Advertising, 51 (1), 4-21.
  30. Lou, C. and H.K. Kim (2019), "Fancying the new rich and famous? Explicating the roles of influencer content, credibility, and parental mediation in adolescents' parasocial relationship, materialism, and purchase intentions," Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2567.
  31. Lu, His-Peng, and Ming-Ren Lee (2010), "Demographic differences and the antecedents of blog stickiness," Online Information Review, 34 (1), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1108/14684521011024100
  32. Meticulous Research (2022), "Live streaming market by component (platform, services), offering model (B2B, B2C), streaming type (audio, video, game), vertical (media & entertainment, education, sports & gaming, government, fitness), and region e global forecast to 2028," March 2022.
  33. Park, Hyun Jung and Li Min Lin (2020), "The effects of match-ups on the consumer attitudes toward internet celebrities and their live streaming contents in the context of product endorsement," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 52, Article 101934.
  34. Pentecost, Robin and Lynda Andrews (2010), "Fashion retailing and the bottom line: The effects of generational cohorts, gender, fashion fanship, attitudes and impulse buying on fashion expenditure," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 17 (1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2009.09.003
  35. Proctor, Jasmine (2021), "Labour of love: Fan labour, BTS, and south Korean soft power," Asia Marketing Journal, 22 (4), 79-101. https://doi.org/10.15830/amj.2020.22.4.79
  36. Reinikainen, Hanna, Juha Munnukka, Devdeep Maity, and Vilma Luoma-aho (2020), "'You really are a great big sister'eparasocial relationships, credibility, and the moderating role of audience comments in influencer marketing," Journal of Marketing Management, 36 (3-4), 279-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2019.1708781
  37. Reysen, Stephen and Nyla R. Branscombe (2010), "Fanship and fandom: Comparisons between sport and non-sport fans," Journal of Sport Behavior, 33 (2), 176.
  38. Scheibe, Katrin, C. Meschede, J. Goretz, and Wolfgang G. Stock (2018), "Giving and taking gratifications in a gamified social live streaming service," in Proceedings of the 5th European conference on social media, 264-73.
  39. Shao, Zhen, Lin Zhang, Kuanchin Chen, and Chenliang Zhang (2020), "Examining user satisfaction and stickiness in social networking sites from a technology affordance lens: Uncovering the moderating effect of user experience," Industrial Management & Data Systems, 12 (7), 1331-60.
  40. Sloan, Lloyd Reynolds (1989), "The motives of sports fans," in Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints, J.H. Goldstein, ed., 2nd ed., pp. 175-240).
  41. Stever, Gayle S. (2017), "Parasocial theory: Concepts and measures,"The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects, 1-12.
  42. Sun, Yuan, Shao Xiang, Xiaotong Li, Yue Guo, and Kun Nie (2019), "How live streaming influences purchase intentions in social commerce: An IT affordance perspective," Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 37, Article 100886.
  43. Tsai, Wan-Hsiu Sunny and Linjuan Rita Men (2013), "Motivations and antecedents of consumer engagement with brand pages on social networking sites," Journal of Interactive Advertising, 13 (2), 76-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2013.826549
  44. Wenner, Lawrence A. (2013), "The mediasport interpellation: Gender, fanship, and consumer culture," Sociology of Sport Journal, 30 (1), 83-103. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.30.1.83
  45. Wongkitrungrueng, Apiradee and Nuttapol Assarut (2020), "The role of live streaming in building consumer trust and engagement with social commerce sellers," Journal of Business Research, 117, 543-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.08.032
  46. Schneider, Wulf Tim Frank M. and Juliane Queck (2021), "Exploring viewers' experiences of parasocial interactions with videogame streamers on Twitch," Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 24 (10), 648-53. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0546
  47. Yuan, Shupei and Chen Lou (2020), "How social media influencers foster relationships with followers: The roles of source credibility and fairness in parasocial relationship and product interest," Journal of Interactive Advertising, 20 (2), 133-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1769514
  48. Yu, Eun, Chanyong Jung, Hyungjin Kim, and Jaemin Jung (2018), "Impact of viewer engagement on gift-giving in live video streaming," Telematics and Informatics, 35 (5), 1450-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.03.014
  49. Yun, Jin Ho, Philip J. Rosenberger, and Kristi Sweeney (2021), "Drivers of soccer fan loyalty: Australian evidence on the influence of team brand image, fan engagement, satisfaction and enduring involvement," Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Logistics, 33 (3), 755-82.
  50. Zhang, Min, Fang Qin, G. Alan Wang, and Cheng Luo (2020), "The impact of live video streaming on online purchase intention," Service Industries Journal, 40 (9-10), 656-81. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1576642
  51. Zhang, Min, Lin Sun, Fang Qin, and G. Alan Wang (2021), "E-service quality on live streaming platforms: Swift guanxi perspective," Journal of Services Marketing, 35/3, 312-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-01-2020-0009