Current Optics and Photonics

Optical Society of Korea (한국광학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Real 3D Property Integral Imaging NFT Using Optical Encryption

  • Lee, Jaehoon (Department of Computer Science and Networks, Kyushu Institute of Technology) ;
  • Cho, Myungjin (School of ICT, Robotics, and Mechanical Engineering, Research Center for Hyper-connected Convergence Technology, IITC, Hankyong National University) ;
  • Lee, Min-Chul (Department of Computer Science and Networks, Kyushu Institute of Technology)
  • Received : 2022.08.03
  • Accepted : 2022.11.20
  • Published : 2022.12.25
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a non-fungible token (NFT) transaction method that can commercialize the real 3D property and make property sharing possible using the 3D reconstruction technique. In addition, our proposed method enhances the security of NFT copyright and metadata by using optical encryption. In general, a conventional NFT is used for 2D image proprietorial rights. To expand the scope of the use of tokens, many cryptocurrency industries are currently trying to apply tokens to real three-dimensional (3D) property. However, many token markets have an art copyright problem. Many tokens have been minted without considering copyrights. Therefore, tokenizing real property can cause significant social issues. In addition, there are not enough methods to mint 3D real property for NFT commercialization and sharing property tokens. Therefore, we propose a new token management technique to solve these problems using integral imaging and double random phase encryption. To show our system, we conduct a private NFT market using a test blockchain network that can demonstrate the whole NFT transaction process.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (NRF-2020R1F1A1068637).

References

  1. M. Swan, Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy (O'Reilly, USA, 2015).
  2. M. Nofer, P. Gomber, O. Hinz, and D. Schiereck, "Blockchain," Bus. Inform. Syst. Eng. 59, 183-187 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-017-0467-3
  3. M. P. Mcbee and C. Wilcox, "Blockchain technology: Principles and applications in medical imaging," J. Digit. Imaging 33, 726-734 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-019-00310-3
  4. K. Koptyra and M. R. Ogiela, "Imagechain-Application of blockchain technology for images," Sensors 21, 82 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21010082
  5. C. Dannen, "Introducing Ethereum and Solidity," (Springer, NY, USA, 2017).
  6. D. Vujicic, D. Jagodic, and S. Randic, "Blockchain technology, bitcoin, and Ethereum: A brief overview," in Proc 17th International Symposium INFOTEH-JAHORINA-INFOTEH (East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mar. 21-23, 2018).
  7. U. W. Chohan, "Non-fungible tokens: Blockchains, scarcity, and value," Critical Blockchain Research Initiative (CBRI) working papers, Islamabad, Pakistan (2021).
  8. Q. Wang, R. Li, Q. Wang, and S. Chen, "Non-fungible token (nft): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges," arXiv:2105.07447 (2021).
  9. V. Despotovic, D. Bjelica, and D. Barac, "Analysis of potential NFT applications," E-bus. Technol. Conf. Proc. 2, 103-107, (2022)
  10. G. A. Pierro, M. sawaf, and R. Tonelli, "Original or Fake? How to understand the digital artworks' value in the block-chain," in Proc. Software Engineering and Formal Methods-SEFM 2021 (Virtual Conference, Dec. 6-10, 2022), pp. 76-85.
  11. D. Das, P. Bose, N. Ruaro, C. Krugel, and G. Vigna, "Understanding security issues in the NFT ecosystem," in Proc. ACM conference on computer and communications security-CSS, (LA, USA, Nov. 7-11, 2022).
  12. G. Lippmann, "La photographie integrale," Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci 146, 446-451 (1908).
  13. J.-S. Jang and B. Javidi, "Three-dimensional synthetic aperture integral imaging," Opt. Lett. 27, 1144-1146 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.27.001144
  14. S.-H. Hong, J.-S. Jang, and B. Javidi, "Three-dimensional volumetric object reconstruction using computational integral imaging," Opt. Express 12, 483-491 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1364/OPEX.12.000483
  15. M. Cho and D. Shin, "3D integral imaging display using axially recorded multiple images," J. Opt. Soc. Korea 17, 410-414 (2013). https://doi.org/10.3807/JOSK.2013.17.5.410
  16. B. Cho, P. Kopycki, M. Martinez-Corral, and M. Cho, "Computational volumetric reconstruction of integral imaging with improved depth resolution considering continuously non-uniform shifting pixels," Opt. Lasers Eng. 111, 114-121 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.07.016
  17. H. Yun, A. Llavador, G. Saavedra, and M. Cho, "Three-dimensional imaging system with both improved lateral resolution and depth of field considering non-uniform system parameters," Appl. Opt. 57, 9423-9431 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.009423
  18. B. Javidi and J. L. Horner, "Optical pattern recognition for validation and security verification," Opt. Eng. 33, 34-39 (1994).
  19. P. Refregier and B. Javidi, "Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding," Opt. Lett. 20, 767-769 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.20.000767
  20. O. Matoba and B. Javidi, "Encrypted optical memory system using three-dimensional keys in the fresnel domain," Opt. Lett. 24, 762-764 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.24.000762
  21. A. Carnicer, M. Montes-Usategui, S. Arcos, and I. Juvells, "Vulnerability to chosen-cyphertext attacks of optical encryption schemes based on double random phase keys," Opt. Lett. 30, 1644-1646 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.30.001644
  22. Y. Frauel, A. Castro, T. J. Naughton, and B. Javidi, "Resistance of the double random phase encryption against various attacks," Opt. Express 15, 10253-10265 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.15.010253
  23. J. Lee, M. Cho, and M.-C. Lee, "Three-dimensional photon counting optical encryption with enhanced visual quality and security level," IEEE Access 9, 128862-128869 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3113670
  24. H. Zeng, Y. Xing, S. Kim, and X. Li, " Designing real-time 3D image security with CA-based random mode decomposition," Signal Process. 197, 108554 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2022.108554
  25. Y. Li, T. wang, Y. Liao, D. Li, and X. Li, "3D medical images security via light-field imaging," Opt. Lett. 47, 3535-3538 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.464184