Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain

Korean Academy of Orofacial Pain and Oral Medicine (대한안면통증구강내과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Potential Biomarkers for an Evidence-Based Diagnosis of Burning Mouth Syndrome

  • Won Jung (Department of Oral Medicine, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University) ;
  • Kyung-Eun Lee (Department of Oral Medicine, Institute of Oral Bioscience, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University)
  • Received : 2023.10.06
  • Accepted : 2023.11.03
  • Published : 2023.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS), a chronic pain disorder with an unclear etiology, is characterized by a burning sensation in the oral cavity. The absence of objective diagnostic methods for this condition complicates its diagnosis and treatment. Recently, efforts have been ongoing to find biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with BMS. Several studies have reported hematological changes, differences in salivary protein composition, and peripheral neuropathy in the affected oral tissues. This review summarizes the research regarding the objective changes observed in patients with BMS to identify potential diagnostic approaches.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the Writing Center at Jeonbuk National University for the proofreading service.

References

  1. Imamura Y, Shinozaki T, Okada-Ogawa A, et al. An updated review on pathophysiology and management of burning mouth syndrome with endocrinological, psychological and neuropathic perspectives. J Oral Rehabil 2019;46:574-587.
  2. Feller L, Fourie J, Bouckaert M, Khammissa RAG, Ballyram R, Lemmer J. Burning mouth syndrome: aetiopathogenesis and principles of management. Pain Res Manag 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/1926269 [Epub ahead of print]
  3. Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino MA. Update on burning mouth syndrome: overview and patient management. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003;14:275-291.
  4. Jaaskelainen SK. Pathophysiology of primary burning mouth syndrome. Clin Neurophysiol 2012;123:71-77.
  5. Patton LL, Siegel MA, Benoliel R, De Laat A. Management of burning mouth syndrome: systematic review and management recommendations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2007;103 Suppl:S39.e1-S39.e113.
  6. Lim HD, Kang JK, Lee YM. A review of etiopathogenesis of burning mouth syndrome. J Oral Med Pain 2010;35:41-47.
  7. Jaaskelainen SK. Is burning mouth syndrome a neuropathic pain condition? Pain 2018;159:610-613.
  8. Puhakka A, Forssell H, Soinila S, et al. Peripheral nervous system involvement in primary burning mouth syndrome--results of a pilot study. Oral Dis 2016;22:338-344.
  9. Teruel A, Patel S. Burning mouth syndrome: a review of etiology, diagnosis, and management. Gen Dent 2019;67:24-29.
  10. Tan HL, Renton T. Burning mouth syndrome: an update. Cephalalgia Rep 2020. doi: 10.1177/2515816320970143 [Epub ahead of print]
  11. Nasri-Heir C, Zagury JG, Thomas D, Ananthan S. Burning mouth syndrome: current concepts. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2015;15:300-307.
  12. Liu YF, Kim Y, Yoo T, Han P, Inman JC. Burning mouth syndrome: a systematic review of treatments. Oral Dis 2018;24:325-334.
  13. Moana-Filho EJ, Herrero Babiloni A, Theis-Mahon NR. Endogenous pain modulation in chronic orofacial pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 2018;159:1441-1455.
  14. Lorenzo-Pouso AI, Perez-Sayans M, Bravo SB, et al. Protein-based salivary profiles as novel biomarkers for oral diseases. Dis Markers 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/6141845.
  15. Roi A, Rusu LC, Roi CI, Luca RE, Boia S, Munteanu RI. A new approach for the diagnosis of systemic and oral diseases based on salivary biomolecules. Dis Markers 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/8761860.
  16. Kaufman E, Lamster IB. The diagnostic applications of saliva-a review. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:197-212.
  17. International Classification of Orofacial Pain, 1st edition (ICOP). Cephalalgia 2020;40:129-221.
  18. Ni Riordain R, O'Dwyer S, McCreary C. Burning mouth syndrome-a diagnostic dilemma. Ir J Med Sci 2019;188:731-734.
  19. Freilich JE, Kuten-Shorrer M, Treister NS, Woo SB, Villa A. Burning mouth syndrome: a diagnostic challenge. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020;129:120-124.
  20. Lamey PJ, Lamb AB. Prospective study of aetiological factors in burning mouth syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1988;296:1243-1246.
  21. das Neves de Araujo Lima E, Barbosa NG, Dos Santos AC, et al. Comparative analysis of psychological, hormonal, and genetic factors between burning mouth syndrome and secondary oral burning. Pain Med 2016;17:1602-1611.
  22. Barry A, O'halloran KD, McKenna JP, McCreary C, Downer EJ. Plasma IL-8 signature correlates with pain and depressive symptomatology in patients with burning mouth syndrome: results from a pilot study. J Oral Pathol Med 2018;47:158-165.
  23. Lee YH, Hwang MJ, Chon S, Auh QS. Antidiuretic hormone levels in men with burning mouth syndrome: a pilot study. J Oral Med Pain 2017;42:116-124.
  24. Koike K, Shinozaki T, Hara K, et al. Immune and endocrine function in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Clin J Pain 2014;30:168-173.
  25. Kishore J, Shaikh F, Zubairi AM, et al. Evaluation of serum neuron specific enolase levels among patients with primary and secondary burning mouth syndrome. Cephalalgia 2022;42:119-127.
  26. Kho HS, Chang JY, Kim YY, Kim Y. MUC1 and toll-like receptor-2 expression in burning mouth syndrome and oral lichen planus. Arch Oral Biol 2013;58:837-842.
  27. Huang Z, Yang X, Huang Y, et al. Saliva - a new opportunity for fluid biopsy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023;61:4-32.
  28. Nosratzehi T, Salimi S, Parvaee A. Comparison of salivary cortisol and α-amylase levels and psychological profiles in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Spec Care Dentist 2017;37:120-125.
  29. Kim HI, Kim YY, Chang JY, Ko JY, Kho HS. Salivary cortisol, 17β-estradiol, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and α-amylase in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Oral Dis 2012;18:613-620.
  30. Ji EH, Diep C, Liu T, et al. Potential protein biomarkers for burning mouth syndrome discovered by quantitative proteomics. Mol Pain 2017. doi: 10.1177/1744806916686796.
  31. Krief G, Haviv Y, Deutsch O, et al. Proteomic profiling of whole-saliva reveals correlation between burning mouth syndrome and the neurotrophin signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2019;9:4794.
  32. Cabras T, Manconi B, Castagnola M, et al. Proteomics of the acid-soluble fraction of whole and major gland saliva in burning mouth syndrome patients. Arch Oral Biol 2019;98:148-155.
  33. Yilmaz Z, Egbuniwe O, Renton T. The detection of small-fiber neuropathies in burning mouth syndrome and Iatrogenic lingual nerve injuries: use of quantitative sensory testing. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2016;30:87-98.
  34. Watanabe K, Noma N, Sekine N, et al. Association of somatosensory dysfunction with symptom duration in burning mouth syndrome. Clin Oral Investig 2019;23:3471-3477.
  35. Grushka M, Sessle BJ, Howley TP. Psychophysical assessment of tactile, pain and thermal sensory functions in burning mouth syndrome. Pain 1987;28:169-184.
  36. Svensson P, Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Kaaber S. Sensory and pain thresholds to orofacial argon laser stimulation in patients with chronic burning mouth syndrome. Clin J Pain 1993;9:207-215.
  37. Bartoshuk LM, Grushka M, Duffy VB, et al. Burning mouth syndrome: damage to CN VII and pain phantoms in CN V. Chem Senses 1999;24:609.
  38. Lauria G, Majorana A, Borgna M, et al. Trigeminal small-fiber sensory neuropathy causes burning mouth syndrome. Pain 2005;115:332-337.
  39. Penza P, Majorana A, Lombardi R, et al. "Burning tongue" and "burning tip": the diagnostic challenge of the burning mouth syndrome. Clin J Pain 2010;26:528-532.
  40. Yilmaz Z, Renton T, Yiangou Y, et al. Burning mouth syndrome as a trigeminal small fibre neuropathy: increased heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in nerve fibres correlates with pain score. J Clin Neurosci 2007;14:864-871.
  41. Treldal C, Petersen J, Mogensen S, et al. Characterization of burning mouth syndrome profiles based on response to a local anaesthetic lozenge. Oral Dis 2020;26:656-669.
  42. Borsani E, Majorana A, Cocchi MA, et al. Epithelial expression of vanilloid and cannabinoid receptors: a potential role in burning mouth syndrome pathogenesis. Histol Histopathol 2014;29:523-533.