Acknowledgement
This work was supported by 2022 Hannam University Research Fund.
References
- Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors-1990-2019 update from the GBD 2019 study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2020;76(25):2982-3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
- Statistics Korea. Ranking of causes of death by year [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; 2021.12.28. [cited 2022 Sep 05]. Available from: https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B34E01&conn_p ath=I2
- Lopez EO, Ballard BD, Jan A. Cardiovascular disease. Florida: StatPearls Publishing; 2022. p. 2-3.
- Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO, Criqui M, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107(3):499-511. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000052939.59093.45
- Rana MN, Neeland IJ. Adipose tissue inflammation and cardiovascular disease: an update. Current Diabetes Reports. 2022;22(1):27-37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01446-9
- World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2019 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
- Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-3) [Internet]. Osong: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018 [cited 2022 Apr 8]. Available from: https://knhanes.kdca.go.kr/knhanes/sub04/sub04_04_01.do
- Bennett JP, EnLiu Y, Quon BK, Kelly NN, Wong MC, Kennedy SF, et al. Assessment of clinical measures of total and regional body composition from a commercial 3-dimensional optical body scanner. Clinical Nutrition. 2022;41(1):211-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.031
- World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. Overweight and obesity in the western pacific region: an equity perspective. Manila: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific; 2017. p. 4.
- Schaffer WC. Total body mass estimation from anthropometric measurements in modern young adult US populations with healthy body fat percentages (NHANES III). Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2016;61(6):1431-1439. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13145
- Nevill AM, Duncan MJ, Myersc T. BMI is dead; long live waist-circumference indices: but which index should we choose to predict cardio-metabolic risk? Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases. 2022;32(7):1642-1650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.04.003
- Yun CH, Jhuang JR, Tsou MT. Pericardial fat, thoracic peri-aortic adipose tissue, and systemic inflammatory marker in nonalcoholic fatty liver and abdominal obesity phenotype. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:1958. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06030-z
- Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FAH, Genest J, Gotto AM, Kastelein JJP, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2008;359(1):2195-2207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0807646
- Nazare JA, Smith JD, Borel AL, Haffner SM, Balkau B, Ross R, et al. Ethnic influences on the relations between abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adiposity, liver fat, and cardiometabolic risk profile: the international study of prediction of intra-abdominal adiposity and its relationship with cardiometabolic risk intra-abdominal adiposity. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;96(4):714-726. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.035758
- Kemalasari I, Fitri NA, Sinto R, Tahapary DL, Harbuwono DS. Effect of calorie restriction diet on levels of C reactive protein (CRP) in obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews. 2022;16(3):1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102388
- Knight ML. The application of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in clinical practice: a 2015 update. U.S.Pharmacist. 2015;40(2):50-53.
- Feldman DI, Blumenthal RS, Gluckman TJ. Cardiovascular risk assessment in primary prevention. 1st ed. New Jersey: Humana Press; 2022. p. 347-375.
- Mahtabuddin SRC, Tiwari R, Ahmed QR. Study of association of sagittal abdominal diameter with glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] in assessment of risk of type-II diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2017;8(2):103-107.
- Jun JE, Lee SE, Lee YB, Kim G, Jin SM, Jee JH, et al. Low skeletal muscle mass accompanied by abdominal obesity additively increases the risk of incident type 2 diabetes get access arrow. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2022;17(10):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac662
- Hwang JS, Lee SH, Park HS. The Association between C-reactive protein and obesity among Korean men. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 2003;24(1):58-63.
- Lapice E, Maione S, Patti L, Cipriano P, Rivellese AA, Riccardi G, et al. Abdominal adiposity is associated with elevated C-reactive protein independent of BMI in healthy nonobese people. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(9):1734-1736. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0176
- Joo NS, Kim HJ, Lee EJ, Park SB. The relationship between high-sensitive C-reactive protein and different obese types in middle-aged Koreans. Journal of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine. 2008;29(7):484-491.
- Shin KA. The relationship between metabolic syndrome risk factors and high sensitive C-reactive protein in abdominal obesity elderly women. Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science. 2017;49(2):121-127. https://doi.org/10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.2.121
- Pou KM, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Maurovich-Horvat P, Larson MG, et al. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes arecross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;116(1):1234-1241. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710509
- Hong YJ, Mintz GS, Kim SW, Okabe T, Bui AB, Pichard AD, et al. Impact of plaque rupture and elevated C-reactive protein on clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction: an intravascular ultrasound study. The Journal of Invasive Cardiology. 2008;20(9):428-435.
- Lavie CJ, Laddu D, Arena R, Ortega FB, Alpert MA, Kushner RF. Healthy weight and obesity prevention: JACC health promotion series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;72(13):1506-1531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1037
- Shin EY, Lee YG, Kim TH, Jung KJ, Chung WJ. Association between high sensitivity C-reactive protein and metabolic syndrome in South Korea: a gender-specific analysis. Health Policy and Management. 2021;31(2):158-172. https://doi.org/10.4332/KJHPA.2021.31.2.158
- Lym YL, Hwang SW, Shim HJ, Oh EH, Chang YS, Cho BL. Prevalence and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome as defined by NCEP-ATP III. Journal of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine. 2003;24(2):135-143.
- Lovejoy JC. The menopause and obesity. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice. 2003;30(2):317-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4543(03)00012-5
- Shidfar F, Alborzi F, Salehi M, Nojomi M. Association of waist circumference, body mass index and conicity index with cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women: cardiovascular topic. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2012;23(8):1-12. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2012-038