Atmosphere (대기)

Korean Meteorological Society (한국기상학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Review of the Weather Hazard Research: Focused on Typhoon, Heavy Rain, Drought, Heat Wave, Cold Surge, Heavy Snow, and Strong Gust

위험기상 분야의 지난 연구를 뒤돌아보며: 태풍, 집중호우, 가뭄, 폭염, 한파, 강설, 강풍을 중심으로

  • Chang-Hoi Ho (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Byung-Gon Kim (Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University) ;
  • Baek-Min Kim (Department of Environmental Atmospheric Sciences, Pukyong National University) ;
  • Doo-Sun R. Park (Department of Earth Science Education, Kyungpook National University) ;
  • Chang-Kyun Park (Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)) ;
  • Seok-Woo Son (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Jee-Hoon Jeong (School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Chonnam National University) ;
  • Dong-Hyun Cha (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST))
  • 허창회 (서울대학교 지구환경과학부) ;
  • 김병곤 (강릉원주대학교 대기환경과학과) ;
  • 김백민 (부경대학교 환경대기과학과) ;
  • 박두선 (경북대학교 지구과학교육과) ;
  • 박창균 (포항공과대학교 환경공학부) ;
  • 손석우 (서울대학교 지구환경과학부) ;
  • 정지훈 (전남대학교 지구환경과학부) ;
  • 차동현 (울산과학기술대학교)
  • Received : 2022.11.06
  • Accepted : 2023.01.03
  • Published : 2023.03.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper summarized the research papers on weather extremes that occurred in the Republic of Korea, which were published in the domestic and foreign journals during 1963~2022. Weather extreme is defined as a weather phenomenon that causes serious casualty and property loss; here, it includes typhoon, heavy rain, drought, heat wave, cold surge, heavy snow, and strong gust. Based on the 2011~2020 statistics in Korea, above 80% of property loss due to all natural disasters were caused by typhoons and heavy rainfalls. However, the impact of the other weather extremes can be underestimated rather than we have actually experienced; the property loss caused by the other extremes is hard to be quantitatively counted. Particularly, as global warming becomes serious, the influence of drought and heat wave has been increasing. The damages caused by cold surges, heavy snow, and strong gust occurred over relatively local areas on short-term time scales compared to other weather hazards. In particularly, strong gust accompanied with drought may result in severe forest fires over mountainous regions. We hope that the present review paper may remind us of the importance of weather extremes that directly affect our lives.

이 연구에서는 우리나라에 큰 피해를 끼치는 대표적인 위험기상 현상으로서 태풍, 집중호우, 가뭄, 한파, 강설, 그리고 강풍에 대한 지난 연구 논문을 정리하였다. 기상현상의 특징이나 국내 및 국외 연구 여건, 그리고 정리한 연구자의 관점이 다르기 때문에 일관된 형태로 과거의 연구 내용을 살펴보지는 못했다. 어떤 위험기상 현상에 대해서는 국내에 출판된 논문을 위주로 살펴봤고, 다른 현상에 대해서는 국내, 외 저널에 출판된 논문을 망라하였다. 태풍 연구 부분에서는 관측, 단기와 장기 예측 그리고 태풍 역학의 이해, 그리고 기후적 분석으로 나누어서 과거 연구의 활동을 살펴봤다. 집중호우 연구부분에서는 우리나라에서 발생하는 집중호우의 대표적인 형태인 고립된 뇌우형, 대류 밴드형, 스콜라인형, 그리고 구름성단형의 중규모 대류계 패턴 연구를 정리하였다. 중규모 특징을 분석하기 위해서 여러 수치모델 결과를 소개했으며, 우리나라와 다른 나라의 집중호우 형태도 비교했다. 끝으로 집중호우 현상의 장기변화에 대한 연구 결과를 소개했다. 가뭄 연구 부분에서는 가뭄의 생성, 발달, 소멸에 대한 변동, 가뭄의 세기와 기간을 객관적으로 결정할 수 있는 가뭄지수의 정의와 메커니즘 연구, 그리고 최근에 진행되고 있는 새로운 연구 트렌드를 소개하였다. 폭염 연구 분야에서는 한반도에 나타나는 폭염의 특징과 메커니즘을 조사했다. 일반적으로 폭염은 강한 상층 기압능의 확장과 블로킹이 작용해서 발생하는데, 우리나라의 경우에는 여러 연구에서 공통적으로 티베트 상층 고기압과 북태평양 고기압의 배치와 강도에 큰 역할을 하고 있음을 밝혔다. 폭염 예측과 미래 시나리오 개발에 관한 내용뿐 아니라 폭염의 영향과 피해를 예측하려는 여러 노력에 대한 연구결과를 소개했다. 한파 연구 부분에서는 우리나라에 영향을 끼치는 한파의 발생을 규명하고, 연관된 다양한 시간과 공간 규모의 기상 인자를 찾기 위한 여러 연구자의 노력을 정리하였다. 또한, 최근에 활발하게 진행되고 있는 연구 트렌드로서 북극 한파의 발생과 기후변화에 따른 한파의 변화 등의 연구도 정리하였다. 강설 연구 부분에서는 국내, 외 강설 연구 현황을 살펴서, 국내에서는 주로 영동지역에 내리는 강설에 관한 종관 분석과 지형분석 연구를, 국외에서는 호수(바다 포함)효과 연구가 광범위하게 이루어지고 있음을 알았다. 특히, 국내에서는 강설 특징을 밝히는 수치모델링 연구가 활발하게 이루어졌다. 이들 연구 결과를 증명하기 위한 집중관측의 필요성을 강조하였다. 강풍 연구부분에서는 먼저 우리나라 강풍 연구의 현황을 소개했다. 2000년 이후 전국적으로 바람의 관측자료가 확보되기 전까지는 바람이 강한 제주도와 영동지역을 중심으로 많은 연구가 이루어졌다. 특히, 산불 발생과 밀접하게 연관되어 있는 영동지역의 양간지풍에 관한 연구를 소개했다. 최근 들어 활발하게 진행되고 있는 최신 관측장비를 이용한 집중관측 연구 결과도 소개했다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

가뭄 연구 부분을 부경대학교 변희룡 명예교수, 포항공과대학교 감종훈 교수, 국립재난안전연구원 김도우 박사, 국립환경과학원 이그림 박사가 검토하고 의견을 주었다. 서울대학교 김무찬 연구원이 참고문헌 정리를 도와주었다.

References

  1. Ahn, M.-H., S.-H. Bae, E.-H. Sohn, J.-Y. Byon, and A.-S. Suh, 2002: Application of NOAA/AMSU data for the tropical cyclone center fixing. Korean J. Atmos. Sci., 5, 147-160. 
  2. Ahn, S.-H., B.-J. Kim, S.-Y. Park, and G.-U. Park, 2010: The climatological characteristics of the landfall typhoons on North Korea. Atmosphere, 20, 239-246. 
  3. Alsafadi, K., N. Al-Ansari, A. Mokhtar, S. Mohammed, A. Elbeltagi, S. S. Sammen, and S. Bi, 2022: An evapotranspiration deficit-based drought index to detect variability of terrestrial carbon productivity in the Middle East. Environ. Res. Lett., 17, 014051, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac4765. 
  4. Bae, H.-J., S. Yang, T.-B. Jeong, A.-R. Yang, D.-H. Cha, G. Lee, H.-Y. Lee, D.-S. Byun, and B.-M. Kim, 2022: An estimation of ocean surface heat fluxes during the passage of typhoon at the Ieodo ocean research station: typhoon lingling case study 2019. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 305-314, doi: 10.1007/s13143-021-00252-3. 
  5. Black, E., M. Blackburn, G. Harrison, B. Hoskins, and J. Methven, 2004: Factors contributing to the summer 2003 European heatwave. Weather, 59, 217-223, doi:10.1256/wea.74.04. 
  6. Boo, K.-O., W.-T. Kwon, J.-H. Oh, and H.-J. Baek, 2004: Response of global warming on regional climate change over Korea: An experiment with the MM5 model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L21206. 
  7. Byun, H.-R., 1991: A study on the atmospheric circulation during the dry period before the Changma. Seoul National University. 
  8. Byun, H.-R., 1996: On the atmospheric circulation caused the drought in Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 32, 455-469. 
  9. Byun, H.-R., and D. A. Wilhite, 1999: Objective quantification of drought severity and duration. J. Climate, 12, 2747-2756.  https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<2747:OQODSA>2.0.CO;2
  10. Byun, H.-R., and Y.-H. Han, 1994: On the existence of the seasonal drought in the Korean Peninsula. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 30, 457467. 
  11. Byun, H.-R., K.-A. Kang, and K.-H. Kim, 2001: Correlations between Nino-3 anomalies and Asian drought∙flood. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 37, 453-464. 
  12. Byun, H.-R., D.-K. Lee, and C.-H. Joung, 1992: A study on the atmospheric circulation during the dry period before the Changma. Part II: Compared with those before and after the period 1992. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 28, 89-107. 
  13. Byun, H.-R., S.-J. Lee, S. Morid, K.-S. Choi, S.-M. Lee, and D.-W. Kim, 2008: Study on the periodicities of droughts in Korea. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 417-441. 
  14. Chen, T.-C., W.-R. Huang, and J. Yoon, 2004: Interannual variation of the East Asian cold surge activity. J. Climate, 17, 401-413, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017 <0401:IVOTEA>2.0.CO;2. 
  15. Cheong, H.-B., I.-H. Kwon, H.-G. Kang, J.-R. Park, H.-J. Han, and J.-J. Kim, 2011: Tropical cyclone track and intensity prediction with a structure adjustable balanced vortex. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 293-303.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-011-0018-7
  16. Cho, Y.-J., T.-Y. Kwon, and B.-C. Choi, 2015: Characteristics of meteorological variables in the leeward side associated with the downslope windstorm over the Yeongdong region, J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 36, 315-329, doi: 10.5467/JKESS.2015.36.4.315. 
  17. Choi, E.-S., and I.-J. Moon, 2008: The variation of extreme values in the precipitation and wind speed during 56 years in Korea. Atmosphere, 18, 397-416. 
  18. Choi, G., 2020: Climatic characteristics of a local wind called Yangganjipung blowing in the northeast coastal region of South Korea. J. Climate Res., 15, 49-66, doi: 10.14383/cri.2020.15.2.49. 
  19. Choi, K.-S., Y. Cha, and R. Lu, 2019: Possible relationship between Korea affecting tropical cyclone activity and Pacific Decadal Oscillation in summer. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 55, 557-573, doi: 10.1007/s13143-018-0076-1. 
  20. Choi, K.-S., and K. Kang, 2008: How is the snow-cover in the Tibetan Plateau related to the typhoon activity around the Korean Peninsula? Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 201-207. 
  21. Choi, K.-S., and B.-J. Kim, 2007: Climatological characteristics of tropical cyclones making landfall over the Korean Peninsula. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 43, 97-109. 
  22. Choi, K.-S., D.-W. Kim, and H.-R. Byun, 2008: Relationships between summer droughts in Korea and activities of tropical cyclones over the northwestern Pacific. Atmosphere, 18, 279-286. 
  23. Choi, K.-S., D.-W. Kim, and H.-R. Byun, 2009: Statistical model for seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone frequency around Korea. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 21-32. 
  24. Choi, K.-S., and T.-R. Kim, 2010: Change of TC activity around Korea by Arctic Oscillation phase. Atmosphere, 20, 387-398. 
  25. Choi, K.-S., S.-B. Oh, H.-R. Byun, R. H. Kripalani, and D.-W. Kim, 2011: Possible linkage between East Asian summer drought and North Pacific Oscillation. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 103, 81-93, doi: 10.1007/s00704-010-0286-7. 
  26. Choi, K.-S., C.-C. Wu, and Y. Wang, 2011: Effect of ENSO on landfalling tropical cyclones over the Korean Peninsula. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 391-397.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-011-0024-9
  27. Choi, W.-S., C.-H. Ho, K. Kang, and W.-T. Yun, 2014: Seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone activity in summer and autumn over the western North Pacific and its application to influencing tropical cyclones to the Korean Peninsula. Atmosphere, 24, 565-571, doi:10.14191/Atmos.2014.24.4.565. 
  28. Choi, Y.-W., J.-B. Ahn, M.-S. Suh, D.-H. Cha, D.-K. Lee, S.-Y. Hong, S.-K. Min, S.-C. Park, and H.-S. Kang, 2016: Future changes in drought characteristics over South Korea using multi regional climate models with the standardized precipitation index. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 209-222, doi: 10.1007/s13143-016-0020-1. 
  29. Chun, Y.-S., and S.-U. Park, 1990: Characteristics of the regional circulation over Asia during the dry Changma period in 1982. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 26, 12-24. 
  30. Cook, C., 1965: Statistical prediction of movements and surface pressure of typhoon centers which might hit Korea and her neighborhood. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 1, 23-27. 
  31. Deo, R. C., H.-R. Byun, J. F. Adamowski, and K. Begum, 2017: Application of effective drought index for quantification of meteorological drought events: a case study in Australia. Theo. Appl. Climatol., 128, 359-379, doi: 10.1007/s00704-015-1706-5. 
  32. Ha, K.-J., K.-Y. Kim, and M.-H. Yeo, 1997: An estimation of the radius of maximum wind in typhoon using GMS TBB. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 33, 677-690. 
  33. Ha, K.-J., and J.-Y. Moon, 2000: A study of the impact of surface albedo changes on Northern Hemisphere circulation using a GCM. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 36, 1-14. 
  34. Ham, Y.-G., S.-Y. Kang, Y. Jeong, J.-H. Jeong, and T. Li, 2022: Large-scale sea surface temperature forcing contributed to the 2013-17 record-breaking meteorological drought in the Korean Peninsula. J. Climate, 35, 3767-3783, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0545.1. 
  35. Ham, Y.-G., and Na, H. Y., 2017: Marginal sea surface temperature variation as a pre-cursor of heat waves over the Korean Peninsula. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 53, 445-455, doi: 10.1007/s13143-017-0047-y. 
  36. Heo, J.-W., C.-H. Ho, T.-W. Park, W. Choi, J.-H. Jeong, and J. Kim, 2018: Changes in cold surge occurrence over East Asia in the future: role of thermal structure. Atmosphere, 9, 222, doi: 10.3390/atmos9060222. 
  37. Heo, S.-I., Y.-K. Hyun, Y. Ryu, H.-S. Kang, Y.-J. Lim, and Y. Kim, 2019: An assessment of applicability of heat waves using extreme forecast index in KMA climate prediction system (GloSea5). Atmosphere, 29, 257-267, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2019.29.3.257. 
  38. Ho, C.-H., and I.-S. Kang, 1988: The variability of precipitation in Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 24, 38-48. 
  39. Ho, C.-H., H.-S. Kim, 2011: Reexamination of the influence of ENSO on landfalling tropical cyclones in Korea. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 457-462, doi: 10.1007/s13143-011-0030-y. 
  40. Ho, C.-H., H.-S. Kim, and P.-S. Chu, 2009: Seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone frequency over the East China Sea through a Bayesian Poisson-regression method. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 45-54. 
  41. Hong, S. Y., 2004: Comparison of heavy rainfall mechanisms in Korea and the central US. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. Ser. II, 82, 1469-1479, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.2004.1469. 
  42. Hong, S. Y., and J. W. Lee, 2009: Assessment of the WRF model in reproducing a flash-flood heavy rainfall event over Korea. Atmospheric Res., 93, 818-831, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.03.015. 
  43. Huschke, R. E., 1959: Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteor. Soc., Boston. 
  44. Im, E.-S., J.-B. Ahn, and D.-W. Kim, 2012: An assessment of future dryness over Korea based on the ECHAM5-RegCM3 model chain under A1B emission scenario. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 325-337, doi: 10.1007/s13143-012-0031-5. 
  45. Im, J., S. Park, J. Rhee, J. Baik, and M. Choi, 2016: Downscaling of AMSR-E soil moisture with MODIS products using machine learning approaches. Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 1120, doi: 10.1007/s12665-016-5917-6. 
  46. IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Pean, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2391 pp. doi:10.1017/9781009157896. 
  47. Jang, W., and H.-Y. Chun, 2008: Severe downslope windstorms of Gangneung in the springtime. Atmosphere, 18, 207-224. 
  48. Jeong, J.-H., and C.-H. Ho, 2005: Changes in occurrence of cold surges over east Asia in association with Arctic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L14704. 
  49. Jang, W., C.-H. Ho, B.-M. Kim, and W.-T. Kwon, 2005: Influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on wintertime surface air temperature and cold surges in East Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D11104, doi:10.1029/2004JD005408. 
  50. Jang, W., B.-M. Kim, C.-H. Ho, D. Chen, and G.-H. Lim, 2006: Stratospheric origin of cold surge occurrence in East Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L14710. 
  51. Jang, W., D. I. Lee, and C. C. Wang, 2016: Impact of the cold pool on mesoscale convective system-produced extreme rainfall over southeastern South Korea: 7 July 2009. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 3985-4006, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0131.1. 
  52. Jeong, Y. Y., I.-J. Moon, and S.-H. Kim, 2013: A study on upper ocean response to typhoon Ewiniar (0603) and its impact. Atmosphere, 23, 205-220, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2013.23.2.205. 
  53. Jin, C.-S., C.-H. Ho, D.-S. R. Park, W. Choi, D. Kim, J.-H. Lee, K.-H. Chang, and K.-R. Kang, 2014: Development of the automated prediction system for seasonal tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific and its evaluation for early predictability. Atmosphere, 24, 123-130, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2014.24.1.123. 
  54. Jo, E., C. Park, S.-W. Son, J.-W. Roh, G.-W. Lee, and Y.-H. Lee, 2020: Classification of localized heavy rainfall events in South Korea. Asia-Pac J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 77-88, doi: 10.1007/s13143-019-00128-7. 
  55. Joung, C.-H., 1975: A study on variation of some daily weather elements with day during polar outbreak at selected stations in South Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 11, 1-10. 
  56. Joung, C.-H., and H.-R. Byun., 1987: A case study of global circulation of the atmosphere during a cold surge in East Asia. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 23, 23-33. 
  57. Jun, K.Y., H.-R. Byun, and D.-W. Kim, 2008: Lag-correlation of Korean drought in East Asia. Atmosphere, 18, 249-266. 
  58. Jun, S., W. Lee, K. Kang, K.-Y. Byun, J. Kim, and W.-T. Yun, 2015: Applicability of the superensemble to the tropical cyclone track forecasts in the western North Pacific. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 39-48, doi: 10.1007/s13143-014-0058-x. 
  59. Jung, S. P., S. R. In, H. W. Kim, J. Sim, S. O. Han, and B. C. Choi, 2015: Classification of atmospheric vertical environment associated with heavy rainfall using long-term radiosonde observational data, 1997-2013. Atmosphere, 25, 611-622, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2015.25.4.611 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  60. Jung, J. I., K. Lee, and S. Kim, 2020: Text mining and network analysis of news articles for deriving socio-economic damage types of heat wave events in Korea: 2012-2016 cases. Atmosphere, 30, 237-248, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2020.30.3.237. 
  61. Jung, H.-S., G.-H. Lim, and J.-H. Oh, 1999: Interpretation of the transient variations in the time series of precipitation amounts in Seoul. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 35, 354-371. 
  62. Kam, J., K. Stowers, and S. Kim, 2019: Monitoring of drought awareness from Google Trends: a case study of the 2011-17 California drought. Weather, Climate, and Society, 11, 419-429, doi: 10.1175/WCAS-D-18-0085.1. 
  63. Kamruzzaman, M., S. Hwang, J. Cho, M.-W. Jang, and H. Jeong, 2019: Evaluating the spatiotemporal characteristics of agricultural drought in Bangladesh using effective drought index. Water, 11, 2437, doi: 10.3390/w11122437. 
  64. Kang, I.-S., C.-H. Ho, and S.-S. Kim, 1987: Interannual and intraseasonal variations of summer precipitation simulated by a GCM and the influence of tropical Pacific SST on the interannual variability. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 23, 12-24. 
  65. Kang, I.-S., Y.-M. Lee, and S.-I. An, 1995: Interannual variability of typhoon activity over the western North Pacific and El-Nino. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 31, 15-26. 
  66. Kang, M., M. Belorid, and K.-R. Kim, 2020: Development of impact-based heat health warning sSystem based on ensemble forecasts of perceived temperature and its evaluation using heat-related patients in 2019. Atmosphere, 30, 195-207, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2020.30.2.195. 
  67. Kang, K.-A., and H.-R. Byun, 2004: On the developing processes of the climatological drought over the EastAsia in 1982. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 40, 467-483. 
  68. Kim, B.-J., S.-L. Lee, and G.-U. Park, 2009: Characteristics of strong wind occurrence in the southwestern region of Korea. J. Korean Soc. Hazard Mitigation, 9, 37-44. 
  69. Kim, B.-G., M.-G. Kim, T.-Y. Kwon, G.-M. Park, Y.-D. Han, S.-B. Kim, and K.-H. Chang, 2021: Observation and understanding of snowfall characteristics in the Yeongdong region. Atmosphere, 31, 461-472, doi:10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.4.461 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  70. Kim, B.-M., S.-W. Son, S.-K. Min, J.-H. Jeong, S.-J. Kim, X. Zhang, T. Shim, and J.-H. Yoon: 2014, Weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex by Arctic sea-ice loss. Nature Commun., 5, 4646, doi: 10.1038/ncomms5646. 
  71. Kim, D., K.-J. Ha, and J.-H. Yeo, 2021: New drought projections over East Asia using evapotranspiration deficits from the CMIP6 warming scenarios. Earth's Future, 9, e2020EF001697, doi: 10.1029/2020EF001697. 
  72. Kim, D., and J. Rhee, 2016: A drought index based on actual evapotranspiration from the Bouchet hypothesis. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43, 10277-10285, doi: 10.1002/2016GL070302. 
  73. Kim, D.-K., Y.-H. Kim, and K.-Y. Chung, 2013: Vertical structure and microphysical characteristics of typhoon Kompasu (2010) at landfall. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 161-169, doi: 10.1007/s13143-013-0017-y. 
  74. Kim, D.-W., and H.-R. Byun, 2009: Future pattern of Asian drought under global warming scenario. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 98, 137-150.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-008-0100-y
  75. Kim, D.-W., and H.-R. Byun, 2010: Spatiotemporal characteristics and assessment of historical drought in Korea. In : Lopez-Fran cos A. (comp.), Lopez-Fran cos A. (collab.). Economics of drought and drought preparedness in a climate change context. Zaragoza : CIHEAM / FAO / ICARD A / GD AR / CEIGRAM / MARM, 101-105 pp. (Options Mediterraneennes : Serie A. Seminaires Mediterraneens; n. 95). 
  76. Kim, D.-W., and Coauthors, 2012: Atmospheric vertical structure of heavy rainfall system during the 2010 summer intensive observation period over Seoul metropolitan area. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 33, 148-161, doi: 10.5467/JKESS.2012.33.2.148 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  77. Kim, G., and Coauthors, 2018: Future changes in extreme precipitation indices over Korea. Int. J. Climatol., 38, e862-e874, doi.org/10.1002/joc.5414. 
  78. Kim, H., B.-J. Kim, H.-G. Nam, J.-H. Jung, J.-K. Shim, 2020: Climatological spatio-temporal variation of strong wind in Korea. Atmosphere, 30, 47-57, doi:10.14191/Atmos.2020.30.1.047. 
  79. Kim, H., M.-Y. Lee, S. Kim, Y.-K. Lim, S. D. Schubert, and A. M. Mold, 2021: Representation of tropical cyclones by the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications version 2. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 57, 35-49, doi: 10.1007/s13143-019-00169-y. 
  80. Kim, H. H., S. K. Park, D. Zupanski, and M. Zupanski, 2010: Uncertainty analysis using the WRF maximum likelihood ensemble filter system and comparison with dropwindsonde observations in typhoon Sinlaku (2008). Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 317-325, doi: 10.1007/s13143-010-1004-1. 
  81. Kim, H.-J., and C.-H. Joung, 1980: An observational study on the development of 500 mb level baroclinic wave during polar outbreaks. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 16, 17-29.  https://doi.org/10.3348/jkrs.1980.16.1.287
  82. Kim, H.-J., I.-J. Moon, and I. Oh, 2022: Comparison of tropical cyclone wind radius estimates between the KMA, RSMC Tokyo, and JTWC. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 563-576, doi: 10.1007/s13143-022-00274-5. 
  83. Kim, H.-M., H.-G. Nam, B.-J. Kim, and J.-B. Jee, 2021: An Analysis of Observed and Simulated Wind in the Snowfall Event in Yeongdong Region on 8 February 2020. Atmosphere, 31, 433-443, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.4.433 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  84. Kim, J., G. Kim, C.-S. Jin, D.-K. Lee, D.-H. Cha, 2015: A study on future change in surface wind over the Korean Peninsula based on a regional climate change scenario. J. Climate Res., 10, 329-340, doi: 10.14383/cri.2015.10.4.329. 
  85. Kim, J.-H., G.-M. Choo, B.-J. Kim, S.-H. Won, and H. J. Kwon, 2007: Performance of MTM in 2006 typhoon forecast. Atmosphere, 17, 207-216. 
  86. Kim, J.-H., and I.-U. Chung, 2006: Study on mechanisms and orographic effect for the springtime downslope windstorm over the Yeongdong region. Atmosphere, 16, 67-83. 
  87. Kim, J.-H., K. Jan, and D. G. Lee, 2009: Characteristics of heat acclimatization for major Korean cities. Atmosphere, 19, 309-318. 
  88. Kim, J.-H., and D.-Y. Kim, 2013: Spatio-temporal characteristics of wind observations over South Korea: 1982-2011. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 551-560, doi: 10.1007/s13143-013-0049-3. 
  89. Kim, J.-H., S.-J. Kim, J.-H. Kim, M. Hayashi, and M.-K. Kim, 2022: East Asian heatwaves driven by ArcticSiberian warming. Sci. Rep., 12, 18025, doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22628-9. 
  90. Kim, J.-H., and H. J. Kwon, 2007: Seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific using GDAPS ensemble prediction system. Atmosphere, 17, 269-279. 
  91. Kim, J.-H., D. G. Lee, I.-S. Park, B.-C. Choi, and J.-S. Kim, 2006: Influences of heat waves on daily mortality in South Korea. Atmosphere, 16, 269-278. 
  92. Kim, K., W. Bang, E. C. Chang, F. J. Tapiador, C.-L. Tsai, E. Jung, and G. Lee, 2021: Impact of wind pattern and complex topography on snow microphysics during ICE-POP 2018. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 11955-11978, doi: 10.5194/acp-2021-128. 
  93. Kim, K.-H., Y.-H. Kim, and D.-E. Jang, 2009: The analysis of Changma structure using radiosonde observational data from KEOP-2007: Part II. The dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of Changma in 2007. Atmosphere, 19, 297-307. 
  94. Kim, K.-L., and S.-U. Park, 1987: Regional secondary circulation over East Asia during a cold-air outbreak over Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 23, 70-92. 
  95. Kim, M.-G., B.-G. Kim, S.-H. Eun, Y.-J. Chae, J.-H. Jeong, Y.-G. Choi, and G.-M. Park, 2021: Analysis of association of snowfall with cold air damming in the Yeongdong region. Atmosphere, 31, 421-431, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.4.421 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  96. Kim, M.-H., and I.-J. Moon, 2022: Evaluation of the reliability of tropical cyclone data using ENSO. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 365-377, doi: 10.1007/s13143-021-00260-3. 
  97. Kim, M.-K., I.-S. Kang, and C.-H. Ho, 2000: Scenario of Korean winter precipitation using large-scale predictors of a gradual CO2 increasing experiment. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 36, 65-74. 
  98. Kim, S., C.-K. Park, and M.-K. Kim, 2005: The regime shift of the northern hemispheric circulation responsible for the spring drought in Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 41, 571-585. 
  99. Kim, S., W. Shao, and J. Kam, 2019: Spatiotemporal patterns of US drought awareness. Palgrave Commun., 5, 107, doi: 10.1057/s41599-019-0317-7. 
  100. Kim, Y.-H., E.-S. Kim, M.-J. Choi, K.-M. Shim, and J.-B. Ahn, 2019: Evaluation of long-term seasonal predictability of heatwave over South Korea using PNU CGCM-WRF chain. Atmosphere, 29, 671-687, doi:10.14191/Atmos.2019.29.5.671. 
  101. Kim, Y.-H., E.-H. Jeon, D.-E. Chang, H.-S. Lee, and J.-I. Park, 2010b: The impact of T-PARC 2008 dropsonde observations on typhoon track forecasting. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 287-303, doi: 10.1007/s13143-010-1011-2. 
  102. Kim, Y. J., B. Y. Ahn, B. J. Kim, and S. Kim, 2021: Effects of Meteorological Conditions on Cloud and Snowfall Simulations in the Yeongdong Region: A Case Study Based on Ideal Experiments. Atmosphere, 31, 445-459, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.4.445 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  103. Kim, Y.-J., and T.-Y. Kwon, 2021: Analysis of spatial variability of surface wind during the Gangwon Yeongdong Wind Experiments (G-WEX) in 2020, Atmosphere, 31, 377-394, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.4.377. 
  104. Kim, Y.-J., and C.-Y. Yoon, 1994: Forecasts of typhoon using the quasi-Lagrangian typhoon model Part III: the design and effects of wind-balanced bogus typhoon. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 30, 155-175. 
  105. Kim, Y.-J., and S.-C. Yoon, 1992: Forecasts of typhoon using the quasi-Lagrangian typhoon model Part II: bogussing and process taking serious view of mass field and comparison of the results. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 28, 379-392. 
  106. Kim, Y. T., M. Park, and H.-H. Kwon, 2020: Spatio-temporal summer rainfall pattern in 2020 from a rainfall frequency perspective. J. Korean Soc. Disaster and Security, 13, 93-104, doi: 10.21729/ksds.2020.13.4.93. 
  107. Kim, Y.-W., and H.-R. Byun, 2006: On the causes of summer droughts in Korea and their return to normal. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 237-251. 
  108. Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), n.d.: Weather warning announcement standards. [Available online at https://www.weather.go.kr/w/weather/warning/standard.do]. 
  109. Kosatsky, T., 2005: The 2003 European heat waves. Eurosurveillance, 10, doi: 10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en. 
  110. Kug, J.-S., J.-H. Jeong, Y.-S. Jang, B.-M. Kim, C.-K. Folland, S.-K. Min, and S.-W. Son, 2015: Two distinct influences of Arctic warming on cold winters over North America and East Asia. Nat. Geosci., 8, 759-762, doi: 10.1038/ngeo2517. 
  111. Kwon, H. J., 1991: Reexamination of the CLIPER model in the track forecast of typhoons approaching Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 27, 135-143. 
  112. Kwon, H. J., 1998: Error analysis of typhoon movement report from RSMC Tokyo. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 34, 258-262. 
  113. Kwon, H. J., and J.-Y. Kim, 2005: On extratropical transition of tropical cyclone Mindulle. Atmosphere, 15, 17-25. 
  114. Kwon, H. J., and S.-H. Lee, 1993: A study of the development of the regional enhanced CLIPER model in the typhoon track forecast. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 29, 195-204. 
  115. Kwon, H. J., and J.-Y. Rhyu, 2008: A new proposition on the definition of the tropical cyclone influence on the Korean peninsula. Atmosphere, 18, 43-53. 
  116. Kwon, H. J., S.-H. Won, and S.-K. Park, 2006: Climatological differences between the two typhoon centers' tropical cyclone information in the western North Pacific. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 183-192. 
  117. Kwon, I.-H., H.-B. Cheong, H.-G. Kang, H.-J. Han, and J.-R. Park, 2010: Structure change of typhoon Nari (2007) in the weakening stage. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 327-340, doi: 10.1007/s13143-010-1006-z. 
  118. Kwon, M., 2012: Estimation and statistical characteristics of the radius of maximum wind of tropical cyclones using COMS IR imagery. Atmosphere, 22, 473-481, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2012.22.4.473. 
  119. Lee, D., H.-J. Kwon, S.-H. Won, and S. K. Park, 2006: Typhoon simulation with a parameterized sea surface cooling. Atmosphere, 16, 97-110. 
  120. Lee, D.-K., 1989: An observational study of the Northern Hemisphere summertime circulation associated with the wet summer and the dry summer in Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 25, 205-220. 
  121. Lee, D.-K., D.-H. Cha, C.-S. Jin, and S.-J. Choi, 2013: A regional climate change simulation over East Asia. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 1-10, doi: 10.1007/s13143-013-0058-2. 
  122. Lee, D.-K., J.-C. Ha, and J. Kim, 2008a: Application of the Sawyer-Eliassen equation to the interpretation of the synoptic-scale dynamics of a heavy rainfall case over East Asia. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 49-68. 
  123. Lee, D.-K., D.-E. Jang, and T.-K. Wee, 1992: Typhoons approaching Korea, 1960-1989 Park I: Statics and synoptic overview. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 28, 133-147. 
  124. Lee, D.-K., H.-R. Kim, and S.-Y. Hong, 1998: Heavy rainfall over Korea during 1980-1990. Korean J. Atmos. Sci., 1, 32-50. 
  125. Lee, D.-K., J.-G. Park, and J.-W. Kim, 2008b: Heavy rainfall events lasting 18 days from July 31 to August 17, 1998, over Korea. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. Ser. II, 86, 313-333, doi:10.2151/jmsj.86.313. 
  126. Lee, H., C. S. Jin, D. H. Cha, M. Lee, D. K. Lee, M. S. Suh, S.-Y. Hong, and H. S. Kang, 2019: Future change in tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific in CORDEX-East Asia multi-RCMs forced by HadGEM2-AO. J. Climate, 32, 5053-5067, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0575.1. 
  127. Lee, J.-H., H.-S. Jeong, and C.-H. Park, 2003: Characteristics of spring drought in Korea and analysis of its cause. Atmosphere, 13, 370-373. 
  128. Lee, J. W., S. H. Eun, B.-G. Kim, and S. O. Han, 2012: An analysis of low-level stability in the heavy snowfall event observed in the Yeongdong region, Atmosphere, 22, 209-219, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2012.22.2.209 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  129. Lee, J. Y., 2022: Record heavy rain in the central region... Seoul's daily precipitation sets record high (2 reports overall). Yonhap News. [Available online at https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20220808148952530]. 
  130. Lee, J. Y., H.-J. Kim, and Y.-R. Jeong, 2019: Influence of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation on the 2016 heat wave over Korea. Atmosphere, 29, 627-637, doi:10.14191/ATMOS.2019.29.5.627. 
  131. Lee, J. Y., J.-S. Park, K. Kang, and K.-Y. Chung, 2008: Characteristics of the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific using the cyclone phase space (CPS) diagram. Atmosphere, 18, 159-169. 
  132. Lee, M.-I., S. D. Schubert, and D. Kim, 2011: Representation of tropical storms in the northwestern Pacific by the modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 245-253, doi: 10.1007/s13143-011-0013-z. 
  133. Lee, S.-M., and H.-R. Byun, 2009: Some causes of the May drought over Korea. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 247264. 
  134. Lee, S.-Y., and J.-E. Kim, 2011: A study on meteorological elements effecting on large-scale forest fire during spring time in Gangwon Young-dong region, J. Korean Soc. Hazard Mitigation, 11, 37-44, doi: 10.9798/KOSHAM.2011.11.1.037. 
  135. Lee, T. Y., and Y. H. Kim, 2007: Heavy precipitation systems over the Korean peninsula and their classification. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 367-396. 
  136. Lee, W.-J., J.-S. Park, and H. J. Kwon, 2007: A statistical model for prediction of the tropical cyclone activity over the western North Pacific. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 43, 175-183.  https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49704318205
  137. Lee, W.-S., and M.-I. Lee, 2016: Interannual variability of heat waves in South Korea and their connection with large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Int. J. Climatol., 36, 4815-4830, doi: 10.1002/joc.4671. 
  138. Lee, Y.-K., and M. Kwon, 2015: An estimation of the of tropical cyclone size using COMS infrared imagery. Atmosphere, 25, 569-573, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2015.25.3.569. 
  139. Lim, G.-H., 1995: Spatial and temporal evolution of the tropospheric upper and lower level winds during the cold surge periods in East Asia. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 31, 373-392. 
  140. Luo, M., and N.-C. Lau, 2017: Heat waves in Southern China: Synoptic behavior, long-term change, and urban-ization effects. J. Climate, 30, 703-720, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0269.1. 
  141. Malik, A., A. Kumar, O. Kisi, N. Khan, S. Q. Salih, and Z. M. Yaseen, 2021: Analysis of dry and wet climate characteristics at Uttarakhand (India) using effective drought index. Nat. Hazards, 105, 1643-1662, doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04370-5. 
  142. McKee, T. B., N. J. Doesken, and J. Kleist, 1993: The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In: Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, January 17-22, 1993. American Meteorological Society, Boston, Massachusetts, 179-184 pp. 
  143. Min, K. H., C. H. Chung, J. H. Bae, and D. H. Cha, 2020: Synoptic characteristics of extreme heatwaves over the Korean Peninsula based on ERA Interim reanalysis data. Int. J. Climatol., 40, 3179-3195, doi: 10.1002/joc.6390. 
  144. Min, S.-K., W.-T. Kwon, E.-H. Park, and Y. Choi, 2003: Spatial and temporal comparisons of droughts over Korea with East Asia. Int. J. Climatol., 23, 223-233.  https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.872
  145. Moon, I.-J., and E.-S. Choi, 2011: A definition and criterion on typhoons approaching to the Korean Peninsula for the objective statistical analysis. Atmosphere, 21, 45-55, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2011.21.1.045. 
  146. Moon, I.-J., J.-S. Shim, D. Y. Lee, J. H. Lee, I.-K. Min, and K. C. Lim, 2010: Typhoon researches using the Ieodo ocean research station: Part I. Importance and present status of typhoon observation. Atmosphere, 20, 247-260. 
  147. Moon, M., Y. Choi, and K.-J. Ha, 2016: Effect of sea surface temperature gradient induced by the previous typhoon's cold wake on the track of the following typhoon: Bolaven (1215) and Tembin (1214). Atmosphere, 26, 635-647, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2016.26.4.635. 
  148. Moon, S. E., 1977: On the characteristics of the extraordinary weather from 1941 to 1970 in Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 13, 51-57. 
  149. Moon, S. E., B.-J. Kim, H.-A. Kim, E.-J. Seo, Z. Liu, and B. Wang, 1998: Numerical forecasting of typhoon tracks with adaptive grid model. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 34, 177-189. 
  150. Myoung, B., J. Rhee, and C. Yoo, 2020: Long-lead predictions of warm season droughts in South Korea using North Atlantic SST. J. Climate, 33, 4659-4677, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0082.1. 
  151. Na, H., and W.-S. Jung, 2021: Characteristics of strong winds on the Korean Peninsula during the non-typhoon period: data analysis for 116 Years from 1904 to 2019. J. Korean Soc. Atmos. Environ., 37, 55-65, doi:10.5572/KOSAE.2021.37.1.055. 
  152. Nakamura, H., and T. Fukamachi, 2004: Evolution and dynamics of summertime blocking over the far East and the associated surface Okhotsk high. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 130, 1213-1233. 10.1256/qj.03.101. 
  153. Oh, H.-T., W.-T. Kwan, and W.-S. Lee, 2003: The precipitation variation in El Nino onset over Korea in September. Atmosphere, 13, 314-317. 
  154. Oh, J.-H., 1996: Study of the Asian summer monsoon for the El Nino event of 1987 and the La Nina event of 1988 with the METRI/YONU GCM. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 32, 111129. 
  155. Oh, J.-H., W.-T. Kwon, and S.-B. Ryoo, 1997: Review of the researches on Changma and future observation study (KORMEX). Adv. Atmos. Sci., 14, 207-222.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-997-0020-2
  156. Oh, J.-H., C.-E. Park, J.-W. Kim, and H.-J. Seang, 1994: Impacts of climatic change in Korea due to CO2 doubling (scenarios for the precipitation change). J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 30, 335-362. 
  157. Oh, S.-B., H.-R. Byun, and D.-W. Kim, 2014: Spatiotemporal characteristics of regional drought occurrence in East Asia. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 117, 89-101, doi:10.1007/s00704-013-0980-3. 
  158. Oh, S.-N., K.-J. Ha, K.-Y. Kim, and J.-W. Kim, 1998: Effects of land hydrology in northeastern Asia in a doubling CO2 climate experiment. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 34, 293-305. 
  159. Paek, J.-S., and J.-J. Baik, 1999: Roles of symmetric and asymmetric circulations in barotropic tropical cyclone motion. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 35, 1-19. 
  160. Palmer, W. C., 1965: Meteorological Drought. Research Paper 45. US Department of commerce, Weather Bureau, Washington, DC, 1-58. 
  161. Park, C., and S. Schubert, 1997: On the nature of the 1994 East Asian summer drought. J. Climate, 10, 1056-1070.  https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1056:OTNOTE>2.0.CO;2
  162. Park, C., S. W. Son, and J. H. Kim, 2021a: Role of baroclinic trough in triggering vertical motion during summertime heavy rainfall events in Korea. J. Atmos. Sci., 78, 1687-1702, doi:10.1175/JAS-D-20-0216.1. 
  163. Park, C., and Coauthors, 2021b: Diverse synoptic weather patterns of warm-season heavy rainfall events in South Korea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 149, 3875-3893, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0388.s1. 
  164. Park, C., and Coauthors, 2021c: Record-breaking summer rainfall in South Korea in 2020: synoptic characteristics and the role of large-scale circulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 149, 3085-3100, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-21-0051.1. 
  165. Park, C. E., 2017: Spatial and temporal aspects of drought in South Korea based on standardized precipitation index (SPI) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). J. Agric. Life and Environ. Sci., 29, 202214, doi: 10.12972/jales.20170019. 
  166. Park, C.-K., H.-R. Byun, R. Deo, and B.-R. Lee, 2015: Drought prediction till 2100 under RCP8.5 climate change scenarios for Korea. J. Hydrol., 526, 221-230, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.043. 
  167. Park, C.-K., C.-H. Ho, D. S. R. Park, T.-W. Park, and J. Kim, 2020a. Interannual variations of spring drought-prone conditions over three subregions of East Asia and associated large-scale circulations. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 142, 1117-1131, doi: 10.1007/s00704-020-03371-5. 
  168. Park, C.-K., J. Kam, H.-R. Byun, and D.-W. Kim, 2022: A self-calibrating effective drought index (scEDI): evaluation against social drought impact records over the Korean Peninsula (1777-2020). J. Hydrol., accepted, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128357. 
  169. Park, C.-K., and Coauthors, 2020b: Projections of future drought intensity associated with various local greenhouse gas emission scenarios in East Asia. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 31, 9-19, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2019.06.16.01. 
  170. Park, H. S., K. L. Kim, and K.-Y. Chung, 2003: The operational procedure on estimating typhoon intensity in KMA. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 39, 291-299. 
  171. Park, J. H., K. E. Kim, and B. H. Heo, 2009: Comparisons of development mechanisms of two heavy snowfall events occurred in Yeongnam and Yeongdong regions of the Korean peninsula. Atmosphere, 19, 9-36 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  172. Park, J. I., and H. M. Kim, 2010: Typhoon Wukong (200610) Prediction based on the ensemble Kalman filter and ensemble sensitivity analysis. Atmosphere, 20, 287-306. 
  173. Park, J.-K., and S.-E. Moon, 1995: The climatological characteristics of typhoon visit to Korea. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 31, 139-147. 
  174. Park, J.-S., J.-G. Jhun, and M. Kwon, 2010: Prominent features of large-scale atmospheric circulation during spring droughts over northeast Asia. Int. J. Climatol., 30, 1206-1214, doi: 10.1002/joc.1948. 
  175. Park, S., E. Seo, D. Kang, J. Im, and M.-I. Lee, 2018: Prediction of drought on pentad scale using remote sensing data and MJO index through random forest over East Asia. Remote Sens., 10, 1811, doi: 10.3390/rs10111811. 
  176. Park, S. K., D.-L. Zhang, and H. H. Kim, 2008: Impact of dropwindsonde data on the track forecasts of a tropical cyclone: An observing-systems simulation experiment study. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 85-92. 
  177. Park, S.-U., and S.-S. Kim, 1987: The Synoptic conditions in the East Asian region accompanying cold-air outbreaks over Korea during December 1985 through February 1986. J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 23, 56-90. 
  178. Park, S.-W., H.-J. Jo, S. Beak, H. Yoo, and K. Woo, 2019: Analysis of heat-related illness surveillance in 2018. Public Health Weekly Report, 12, 630-638 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  179. Park, T.-W., J.-W. Heo, J.-H. Jeong, and C.-H. Ho, 2017: Characteristics of East Asian cold surges in the CMIP5 climate models. Atmosphere, 27, 199-211, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2017.27.2.199. 
  180. Park, T.-W., C.-H. Ho, and Y. Deng, 2014: A synoptic and dynamical characterization of wave-train and blocking cold surge over East Asia. Climate Dyn., 43, 753-770, doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1817-6. 
  181. Park, T.-W., C.-H. Ho, and S. Yang, 2011: Relationship between the Arctic Oscillation and cold surges over East Asia. J. Climate, 24, 68-83, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3529.1. 
  182. Park, T.-W., C.-H. Ho, S. Yang, and J.-H. Jeong, 2010: Influences of Arctic Oscillation and Madden-Julian Oscillation on cold surges and heavy snowfalls over Korea: A case study for the winter of 2009-2010. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres, 115, D23122, doi: 10.1029/2010JD014794. 
  183. Park, T.-W., J. G. Hong, and D.-S. R. Park, 2020: Intra-seasonal characteristics of wintertime extreme cold events over South Korea. Int. J. Climatol., 40, 2639-2658, doi:10.1002/joc.6356. 
  184. Park, Y.-J., and Y.-D. Han, 2021: Analysis on the Yeongdong downslope windstorms generation condition verified by observation cases, Atmosphere, 31, 405-420, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2021.31.4.405. 
  185. Rha, D. K., C. H. Kwak, M. S. Suh, and Y. Hong, 2005:Analysis of the characteristics of precipitation over South Korea in terms of the associated synoptic patterns: A 30 years climatology (1973-2002). J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 26, 732-743 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  186. Rohini, P., M. Rajeevan, and A. K. Srivastava, 2016: On the variability and increasing trends of heat waves over India. Sci. Rep., 6, 26153, doi: 10.1038/srep26153. 
  187. Ryoo, S.-B., and W.-T. Kwon, 2002: Climatological characteristics of cold winter and cold days over South Korea. Atmosphere, 12, 288-291 (in Korean). 
  188. Seo, E., M. I. Lee, S. D. Schubert, R. D. Koster, and H. S. Kang, 2020: Investigation of the 2016 Eurasia heat wave as an event of the recent warming. Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 114018, doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/abbbae. 
  189. Seo, E.-K., and J.-G. Jhun, 1991: A case of heavy snowfalls occurred in the Korean peninsula from 29 January to 1 February 1990. Atmosphere, 27, 165-179 (in Korean with English abstract). 
  190. Seo, K. H., J. H. Son, S. E. Lee, T. Tomita, and H. S. Park, 2012: Mechanisms of an extraordinary East Asian summer monsoon event in July 2011. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, doi: 10.1029/2011GL050378. 
  191. Shin, C. S., and T. Y. Lee, 2005: Development mechanisms for the heavy rainfalls of 6-7 August 2002 over the middle of the Korean Peninsula. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan. Ser. II, 83, 683-709, doi: 10.2151/jmsj.83.683. 
  192. Shin, J., R. Olson, and S. I. An, 2019: Projected heat wave characteristics over the Korean Peninsula during the twenty-first century. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 53-61, doi:10.1007/s13143-017-0059-7. 
  193. Shin, U., and T. Y. Lee, 2015: Origin, evolution and structure of meso-α-scale lows associated with cloud clusters and heavy rainfall over the Korean peninsula. Asia-Pac. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 259-274, doi: 10.1007/s13143-015-0076-3. 
  194. Sohn, B., G. H. Ryu, H. J. Song, and M. L. Ou, 2013: Characteristic features of warm-type rain producing heavy rainfall over the Korean Peninsula inferred from TRMM measurements. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 3873-3888, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00075.1. 
  195. Song, C. G., K. M. Lee, S. D. Lee, S. J. Nahm, D. K. Lee, J. M. Levis, and R. Jones, 1997: The parallelization of adjoint data assimilation method for the barotropic tropical cyclone track forecast model. J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 33, 111-125. 
  196. Song, H. J., B. Lim, and S. Joo, 2019: Evaluation of rainfall forecasts with heavy rain types in the high-resolution unified model over South Korea. Wea. Forecasting, 34, 1277-1293, doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-18-0140.1. 
  197. Song, H. J., and B.-J. Sohn, 2019: Polarizing rain types linked to June drought in the Korean peninsula over last 20 years. Int. J. Climatol., 40, 2173-2182, doi: 10.1002/joc.6325. 
  198. Suh, A.-S., K.-L. Kim, C.-K. Lee, and M.-S. Lee, 1992: The location of the center of a typhoon from the satellite cloud images. J. Korean earth Sci. Soc., 28, 333-346. 
  199. Steila, D., 1983: Drought analysis in four southern states by a new index. The University of Arizona. 
  200. Takaya, K., and H. Nakamura, 2005a: mechanisms of intraseasonal amplification of the cold Siberian high. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4423-4440.  https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3629.1
  201. Takaya, K., and H. Nakamura, 2005b: Geographical dependence of upper-level blocking formation associated with intraseasonal amplification of the Siberian high. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 4441-4449.  https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS3628.1
  202. Vicente-Serrano, S. M., S. Begueria, and J. I. Lopez-Moreno, 2010: A multiscalar drought index sensitive to global warming: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index. J. Climate, 23, 1696-1718, doi: 10.1175/2009JCLI2909.1. 
  203. Vicente-Serrano, S. M., and Coauthors, 2018: Global assessment of the standardized evapotranspiration deficit index (SEDI) for drought analysis and monitoring. J. Climate, 31, 53715393, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0775.1. 
  204. Wang, Y., S. Wang, W. Zhao, and Y. Liu, 2022: The increasing contribution of potential evapotranspiration to severe droughts in the Yellow River basin. J. Hydrol., 605, 127310, doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127310. 
  205. Won, S.-H., H. J. Kwon, W.-J. Lee, K.-Y. Chung, K.-R. Kang, and B.-J. Kim, 2008: Algorithm for estimation of the radius of gale/hurricane wind from the TC advisory. Atmosphere, 18, 15-23. 
  206. Woo, S. H., B. M. Kim, J. H. Jeong, S. J. Kim, and G. H. Lim, 2012: Decadal changes in surface air temperature variability and cold surge characteristics over northeast Asia and their relation with the Arctic Oscillation for the past three decades (1979-2011). J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres, 117, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016929. 
  207. Yeh, S.-W., Y.-J. Won, J.-S. Hong, K.-J. Lee, M. Kwon, K.-H. Seo, and Y.-G. Ham, 2018: The record-breaking heat wave in 2016 over South Korea and its physical mechanism. Mon. Wea. Rev., 146, 1463-1474, doi: 10.1175/mwr-d-17-0205.1. 
  208. Yeo, S.-R., S.-W. Yeh, and W.-S. Lee, 2019: Two types of heat wave in Korea associated with atmospheric circulation pattern. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres, 124, 7498-7511, doi: 10.1029/2018JD030170. 
  209. Yoo, Y.-E., S.-W. Son, H.-S. Kim, and J.-H. Jeong, 2015: Synoptic characteristics of cold days over South Korea and their relationship with large-scale climate variability. Atmosphere, 25, 435-447, doi: 10.14191/Atmos.2015.25.3.435. 
  210. Yoon, D., D. H. Cha, G. Lee, C. Park, M. I. Lee, and K. H. Min, 2018: Impacts of synoptic and local factors on heat wave events over southeastern region of Korea in 2015. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmospheres, 123, 12-081, doi: 10.1029/2018JD029247. 
  211. Yoon, S.-C., and G.-B. Lee, 1990: On the movement of a typhoon in a non-divergent barotropic atmosphere. J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 26, 25-37. 
  212. Yoon, S.-C., and K.-S. Park, 1990: Characteristics of the typhoons approaching Korea and the performance of the WPCLPR model. J. Korean Earth Sci. Soc., 26, 104-110. 
  213. Zhang, P., J.-H. Jeong, J.-H. Yoon, H. Kim, S.-Y. S. Wang, H. W. Linderholm, K. Fang, X. Wu, and D. Chen, 2020: Abrupt shift to hotter and drier climate over inner East Asia beyond the tipping point. Science, 370, 1095-1099, doi: 10.1126/science.abb3368. 
  214. Zhang, Y., K. R. Sperber, and J. S. Boyle, 1997: Climatology and interannual variation of the East Asian winter monsoon: results from the 1979-95 NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 2605-2619. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<2605:caivot>2.0.co;2