DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Depressive Symptoms and Menstrual Cycle Irregularity among Community Women of Childbearing Age

  • Heeja Jung (Dept. of Nursing, College of Nursing, Konyang Univ.) ;
  • Yanghee Pang (Dept. of Nursing, Baekseok culture Univ.)
  • Received : 2023.04.20
  • Accepted : 2023.05.10
  • Published : 2023.06.30

Abstract

Menstrual cycle irregularity reflects the reproductive health of women of childbearing age, but studies are scant on women in communities. In this study, we identified factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity among 884 community women of childbearing age (19-40 years) and confirmed the relationship between menstrual cycle irregularity and depressive symptoms. Data were collected through online or mobile platforms. We noted that 25% of participants had menstrual cycle irregularity. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that age, irregular eating, and depressive symptoms were associated with menstrual cycle irregularity. After adjusting for confounding variables, participants with depressive symptoms were at a slightly higher risk of menstrual cycle irregularity (odds ratio = 1.078, confidence interval = 1.021-1.139). Additional support be provided for community-living women of childbearing age with depressive symptoms, to improve their reproductive health

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No. 2019R1G1A109954113)

References

  1. B. S. Harris, A. Z. Steiner, and A. M. Jukic, "Ovarian reserve biomarkers and menstrual cycle length in a prospective cohort study," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 106, No. 9, pp. e3748-e3759, 2021. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab204
  2. M. Rostami Dovom, F. Ramezani Tehrani, S. Djalalinia, L. Cheraghi, S. Behboudi Gandavani, and F. Azizi, "Menstrual cycle irregularity and metabolic disorders: a population-based prospective study," PLOS ONE, Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. E0168402, 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168402
  3. E. K. Jung, S. W. Kim, S. M. Ock, K. I. Jung, and C. H. Song, "Prevalence and related factors of irregular menstrual cycles in Korean women: the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES-V, 2010-2012)," Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 196-202, 2018. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2017.1321631
  4. Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, Healthcare Big data hub. http://opendata. hira.or.kr/op/opc/olapMfrnIntrsIlnsInfo.do
  5. J. Bae, S. Park, and J. W. Kwon, "Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause," BMC Women's Health, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-11, 2018. doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x
  6. K. M. Ko, K. Han, Y. J. Chung, K. H. Yoon, Y. G. Park, and S. H. Lee, "Association between body weight changes and menstrual irregularity: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey 2010 to 2012," Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 248-256, 2017. doi:10.3803/EnM.2017.32.2.248
  7. K. A. Hahn, L. A. Wise, A. H. Riis, E. M. Mikkelsen, K. J. Rothman, K. Banholzer, and E. E. Hatch, "Correlates of menstrual cycle characteristics among nulliparous Danish women," Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 5, pp. 311-319, 2013. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S46712
  8. Z. Bajalan, Z. Alimoradi, and F. Moafi, "Nutrition as a potential factor of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review of observational studies," Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, Vol. 84, No. 3, pp. 209-224, 2019. doi:10.1159/000495408
  9. G. E. Nam, K. Han, and G. Lee, "Association between sleep duration and menstrual cycle irregularity in Korean female adolescents," Sleep Medicine, Vol. 35, pp. 62-66, 2017. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.04.009
  10. M. Yu, K. Han, and G. E. Nam, "The association between mental health problems and menstrual cycle irregularity among adolescent Korean girls," Journal of Affective Disorders, Vol. 210, pp. 43-48, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.036
  11. S. A. Vreeburg, W. J. Hoogendijk, J. van Pelt, R. H. Derijk, J. C. Verhagen, R. van Dyck, and B. W. Penninx, "Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity: results from a large cohort study," Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 617-626, 2009. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50
  12. C. Shin, Y. Kim, S. Park, S. Yoon, Y. H. Ko, Y. K. Kim, and C. Han, "Prevalence and associated factors of depression in general population of Korea: results from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014," Journal of Korean Medical Science, Vol. 32, No. 11, pp. 1861-1869, 2017. doi:10.3346/jkms.2017.32.11.1861
  13. H. Dan, H. Jung, "Association between current smokling, high-risk alchohol drinking, and depressive symptoms among female college students," The Journal of the convergence on Culture Technology, Vol. 8, No.2, pp. 291-298, March 2022. https://doi.org/10.17703/JCCT.2022.8.2.291
  14. K. Kroenke, R. L. Spitzer, and J. B. W. Williams, "The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure," Journal of General Internal Medicine, Vol. 16, No. 9, pp. 606-613, 2001. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  15. J. H. Lee, C. M. Shin, Y. H. Ko, J. H. Lim, S. H. Joe, S. H. Kim, I. K. Jung, and C. S. Han, "The reliability and validity studies of the Korean version of the perceived stress scale," Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 127-134, Dec 2012.
  16. C. D. Jenkins, B. A. Stanton, S. J. Niemcryk, and R. M. Rose, "A scale for the estimation of sleep problems in clinical research," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 313-321, 1988. doi:10.1016/0895-4356(88)90138-2
  17. D.J. Brody, L. A. Pratt, and J. P. Hughes, J. P, "Prevalence of depression among adults aged 20 and over," United States, 2013-2016. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2018.
  18. Y. I. Nillni, A. K. Wesselink, E. E. Hatch, E. M. Mikkelsen, J. L. Gradus, K. J. Rothman, and L. A. Wise, "Mental health, psychotropic medication use, and menstrual cycle characteristics," Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 10, pp. 1073-1082, 2018. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S152131
  19. T. Fujiwara, M. Ono, T. Iizuka, N. Sekizuka-Kagami, Y. Maida, Y. Adachi, and H. Yoshikawa, "Breakfast skipping in female college students is a potential and preventable predictor of gynecologic disorders at health service centers," Diagnostics, Vol. 10, No. 7, pp. 1-11, 2020. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10070476
  20. R. Fontana, and S. D. Della Torre, "The deep correlation between energy metabolism and reproduction: a view on the effects of nutrition for women fertility," Nutrients, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 1-34, 2016. doi:10.3390/nu8020087
  21. F. J. Pendergast, K. M. Livingstone, A. Worsley, and S. A. McNaughton, "Examining the correlates of meal skipping in Australian young adults," Nutrition Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1-10, 2019. doi:10.1186/s12937-019-0451-5
  22. S. Nagma, G. Kapoor, R. Bharti, A. Batra, A. Batra, A. Aggarwal, and A. Sablok, "To evaluate the effect of perceived stress on menstrual function," Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, Vol. 9, No.3, pp. 1-3, 2015. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/6906.5611